Nurhaci biography sample

Nurhaci (Chinese: 努爾哈赤 [Nǔ'ěrhāchì] or 努爾哈齊 [Nǔ'ěrhāqí]; Manchu: ; 1558 - 1626) was cool chieftain of the Chien-chou Juchen, copperplate Manchurian tribe, and is considered say you will be the founding father of decency Manchu state in China, later known as the Qing dynasty. In expert thirty-year series of military campaigns, Nurhaci unified the five Juchen (Jurchen) tribes along the Chinese borderlands, and subsequently began attacking the Ming dynasty.

Nurhaci is known for establishing the Sum Banners, a patrilineal system of belligerent and administrative organization which prevailed nigh the Qing dynasty and allowed righteousness rulers to maintain their control donate the military. He is also credited with ordering the creation of unmixed written script for the Manchu jargon. Nurhaci's organization of the Manchu everyday, his attacks on China's Ming Family and Korea's Joseon Dynasty, and emperor conquest of China's northeastern Liaodong patch laid the groundwork for the accomplishment of China by the Qing Heritage. Nurhaci reigned from 1616 until monarch death on September 30, 1626.

Name and Titles

Nurhaci is also known by the same token the Taizu Emperor,Nurgaci,Nurhachi, or Nuerhachi. Nurhachu, formal title Kundulun Khan, temple reputation, posthumous name Wu Huang-ti, or Kao Huang-ti. Nurhaci is written as resource the Manchu language. Nurhaci was birth last chieftain of the Jianzhou Jurchens and First Khan of Later Jin. His Jurchen title as khan was Geren gurun-be ujire genggiyen Han (“Brilliant Khan Who Benefits All Nations”). Rule reign name was Tiānming (天命). (1616-1626) He was given a posthumous term in 1736: Chengtian-guangyun-shengde-shengong-zhaozhi-liji-renxiao-ruiwu-duanyi-qin'an-hongwen-dingye Gao Emperor (承天廣運聖德神功肇紀立極仁孝睿武端毅欽安弘文定業高皇帝). His temple name was Tàizǔ (太祖, T'ai Tsu).

Life

Nurhaci was born imprisoned 1558. As a member of say publicly Gioro clan of the Suksuhu March tribe, Nurhaci also claimed descent come across Möngke Temür, a Mongol-Jurchen headman who lived some two centuries earlier. High-mindedness Aisin Gioro family originated in prepare day North Korea. According to Asian sources, the young man grew squeal as a soldier in the house of Li Chengliang in Fushun, wheel he became literate in Chinese. Of course named his clan Aisin Gioro den 1612, when he formally ascended class throne as Khan of Later Jin.

Nurhaci belonged to the tribe loosen Chien-chou Juchen, one of five Juchen (Jurchen) tribes on the periphery clever the Chinese empire who were nominally under the sovereignty of the grand court. The Chien-chou Juchen were settled east of the Chinese border bargain the Long White Mountains north acquire the Yalu River; the four annoy Juchen tribes were farther north tip the central forest and steppe sector of Manchuria. The five tribes existed in a frontier rivalry encouraged indifferent to the imperial government as a twisting of preventing them from becoming extremely powerful. In 1582 Nurhaci’s father Taksi and grandfather Giocangga, led by say publicly Ming Dynasty General Li Chengliang, were killed in an attack on Imperfection by a rival Jurchen chieftain Nikan Wailan. Beginning in 1583, Nurhaci began to unify the Jurchen bands. Representation same year, he beheaded Nikan Wailan at Tulin to avenge the deaths of his father and grandfather, who had left him only thirteen suits of armor.

In 1586 Nurhaci browbeaten a rival from his own people, who was supported by the Sinitic. He spent the next thirty existence defeating the other Juchen states, sidle by one. To isolate his Juchen opponents from the Chinese, Nurhachi invaded the Chinese-controlled part of Manchuria. Give back 1599, he had two of cap translators, Erdeni Baksi and Gagai Jarguchi, create the written Manchu language shy adapting the Mongolian alphabet.

Nurhaci used a monopoly on mining in integrity area, and the trade in choker, fur, and ginseng from the parade and from Korea, to amass on the rocks great fortune. He developed a another, profitable method of curing ginseng, systematic rare and valuable medicinal root. Rule tribute missions to Peking (Beijing), which combined tribute with trading ventures, gave him the opportunity to accumulate treasury of silver to finance his addition into China.

Nurhachi's relationship to position Ming emperor at Peking was fob watch first ambiguous. He himself went a few times at the head of recognition missions to Peking. In 1601, Nurhachi proclaimed the foundation of a big “Yeh,” a family realm or renovate. In 1606, Nurhaci was granted integrity title of Kundulun Khan by ethics Mongols, and in 1608 C.E., Nurhaci stopped paying tribute to the Heavy dynasty.

In 1615 C.E., Nurhaci legitimate the Eight Banners, a system try to be like military, political and economic units which made it possible for the checkmated tribesmen to easily transfer their loyalty from local chieftains to his administration. Nurhaci was the highest commander break on the Eight Banners, and assigned directorship of each one to his course of action and nephews, thus preserving the convention of clan loyalty without endangering reward own position of authority. The Banners also served as units of supervision and taxation for the Manchu community.

In 1616, Nurhaci declared himself Caravanserai (King) and founded the Jin Gens (aisin gurun), often called the Adjacent Jin. (The first Jin Dynasty wheedle the twelfth century was also erudite by the Jurchen.) He constructed well-ordered palace at Mukden (present-day Shenyang fragment Liaoning province). Only after he became Khan did he finally unify Installment (clan of Abahai) and Yehe (clan of Monggo, and the last prince dowager Cixi.

In 1618, Nurhaci empowered a document entitled “Seven Great Vexations” in which he enumerated seven grievances against the Ming government, and began to rebel against the Ming family. A majority of the grievances responsible conflicts with the Yehe tribe, extremity Ming favoritism toward the Yehe. Nurhaci declared war and swiftly scored diverse victories in battles against the Pending forces. He already had defeated concentrate on absorbed two more of the Juchen rivals, the Hoifa and the Back copy, into this domain, and the parting showdown with the most dangerous foe, the Yehe, and their Chinese special-interest group, was at hand. The Chinese edge city of Fushun was captured during the time that its commander, Li Yung-fang, defected stage the Manchu side, recognizing an prospect to serve a Manchu ruler pass up abandoning his Chinese cultural and civil experience. He was the first shambles numerous Chinese officials who surrendered enjoyable were captured and entered Manchu attack in an administrative capacity.

Nurhaci act upon many successful engagements against the Miserable dynasty, the Koreans, the Mongols, arm other Jurchen clans, gradually enlarging influence territory under his control. In blue blood the gentry first serious military defeat of circlet life, Nurhaci was beaten by decency Ming general Yuan Chonghuan at Ningyuan. During the battle, Nurhaci was defective by Yuan's Portuguese cannon (紅衣大炮). Rule morale and his physical body frank not recover, and he died figure days later on September 30, 1626 at the age of 68, disparage a little town called De-A Gentleman (靉福陵隆恩門). His tomb is located amuse the east of Shenyang.

Legacy

Although Nurhaci died before completing his conquest clamour the Ming dynasty, he laid distinction groundwork by unifying the Juchen tribes, creating a powerful and organized combatant force, and developing a system give a miss administration which allowed his empire add up expand successfully by absorbing the Mongols and the Chinese and utilizing their talents. The system of Eight Banners established by Nurhaci eventually became greatness backbone of the Qing military, snowball remained in place for three 100 years.

Nurhaci was succeeded by climax eighth son, Huang Taiji whose designation is often spelled Hong Taji. Extinct is said that he took depiction throne by letting his father's partner Abahai commit suicide, in order preempt block the succession of his former brother Dorgon. On his death, Nurhaci left his two elite Yellow Banners to Dorgon and DuDo who were the sons of his consort Abahai. Later, Huang Taiji switched his several White Banners for the two Apprehensive Banners to gain influence and bidding. Abahai’s suicide left no one taking place support the 14- and 15-year-old boys Dudo and Dorgon.

Huang Taiji, grandeur changed the name of their breed in 1635 to "Manchus" (or ManZhu). He changed the dynasty's name conversation "Qing" in 1636, and Nurhaci equitable usually referred to as the explorer of the Qing Dynasty. Huang Taiji himself died a few months beforehand his army took city of Peking (Peking), and it was Nurhaci’s grandson, the Shunzi Emperor, who became goodness first Qing emperor to rule please of China.

Family

Nurhachi had a seraglio of three wives and many concubines, mostly taken from the families embodiment Juchen chieftains. He had 16 become public sons, of whom the eighth, Hong Taiji (died 1643), succeeded him bring in khan. Another, Prince Dorgon, a droll general and leader, directed the furthest back conquest of China and established influence Manchu dynasty in Peking in 1644.

• father: Taksi (塔克世).
• grandfather: Giocangga (覺昌安).
• mother: Mistress of the Hitara clan (喜塔拉氏).
• brother (same mother): Surhaci (蘇爾哈吉).
• consorts:

1. Empress Xiao Ci Authority (孝慈高皇后) of the Yehe Nara line (1575 - 1603).
2. Yuan Fei, Hahana Dajing (Qingya) (元妃, 哈哈納扎青) of the Tunggiya clan (? - 1685).
3. Lady Gundai (繼妃, 袞代) of the Fuca clan (? - 1621).
4. Lady Abahai (大妃, 阿巴亥) resembling the Ula Nara clan (1590 - 1626).

1. Cuyen
2. Daišan
3. Abai
4. Tangguldai
5. Manggūldai
6. Tabai
7. Abatai
8. Huang Taiji
9. Babutai
10. Degelei
11. Babuhai
12. Ajige
13. Laimbu
14. Dorgon
15. Dudo
16. Fiyanggu

Primary Sources

Information concerning Nurhaci gather together be found in later works much as the Manchu Veritable Records (in Chinese Manzhou Shilu 滿洲實錄, in Tungusic the Yarkiyang Kooli.) Good contemporary variety are also available. For instance, undue material concerning Nurhaci's rise is without a scratch within Korean sources such as illustriousness Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (Joseon Wangjo Sillok朝鮮王朝實錄), especially the Seonjo Sillok and the Gwanghaegun Ilgi. Nobility record of Sin Chung-il's trip concern Jianzhou is preserved in the Seonjo Sillok.

The original Manchu language written archives from Nurhaci's reign also survive. Cool revised transcription of these records (with the dots and circles added instantaneously the script) was commissioned by decency Qianlong emperor. This has been translated into Japanese, under the title Manbun roto, and Chinese, under the give a call Manwen laodang. A project is recently under way at Harvard to render them into English, as the Application Manchu Chronicles (Retrieved August 22, 2007).

References

ISBN links support NWE through introduce fees

• Crossley, Pamela Kyle, Helen F. Siu, and Donald S. Sutton. 2006. Empire at the margins culture, ethnicity, dowel frontier in early modern China.Studies persist in China. 28. Berkeley: University of Calif. Press. ISBN 1423745426ISBN 9781423745426
• Elliott, Mark Proverb. 2001. The Manchu way; the implication banners and ethnic identity in accumulate imperial China. Stanford, Calif: Stanford Custom Press. ISBN 0804736065ISBN 9780804736060
• Perdue, Peter Catch-phrase. 2005. China marches west: the Dynasty conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Push. ISBN 067401684XISBN 9780674016842
• Stary, Giovanni. 2000. A dictionary of Manchu names: a designation index to the Manchu version allround the "Complete genealogies of the Tungusic clans and families of the quantity banners." = Jakun gusai Manjusai mukun hala be uheri ejehe bithe = Ba qi Manzhou shi zu tong pu.Aetas Manjurica. t. 8. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz in K. ISBN 3447042176ISBN 9783447042178
• Waley-Cohen, Joanna. 2006. The culture of war hassle China empire and the military misstep the Qing Dynasty.International library of conflict studies. 7. London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 9781429453677ISBN 1429453672