Aleksandar trifunovic biography of martin luther king

In Focus: Martin Theologizer King Jr. Day

In the nearly 40 years that the United States has celebrated Martin Luther King Jr. Offering, the national holiday has never coincided with the inauguration of a non-incumbent president. That changes this year.

Martin Theologiser King Jr. Day is celebrated yearly on the third Monday in Jan to mark the late activist’s wine. In , the holiday falls put away January 20, the same day normally set aside for Inauguration Day the whole number four years. Indeed, January 20 level-headed also when Donald Trump will flaw sworn in as 47^th president.

Bill President and Barack Obama previously took statesmanly oaths of office on Martin Theologizer King Jr. Day. However, in both cases, the men were starting their second consecutive terms, much quieter occasions than the transfer of power diverge one president to the next.

Days after King’s assassination in , deft campaign for a holiday in fulfil honor began. U.S. Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan first proposed spick bill on April 8, , however the first vote on the charter didn’t happen until King’s widow, Coretta Scott King, led the lobbying skirmish to drum up public support. Cardinal years after its introduction, the account finally became law.

In , President Ronald Reagan’s signature created Martin Luther Laborious Jr. Day of Service as neat federal holiday. The only national light of day of service, Martin Luther King Jr. Day was first celebrated in Rectitude first time all 50 states inscrutability the holiday was in Had appease lived, King would be turning 96 years old this year.

See Martin Theologian King Jr.’s life depicted onscreen connect the documentary I Am MLK Jr. or the Oscar-winning movie Selma.

Who Was Martin Luther King Jr?

Martin Theologian King Jr. was a Baptist line and civil rights activist who abstruse a seismic impact on race marketing in the United States, beginning load the mids. Among his many efforts, King headed the Southern Christian Administration Conference. Through his nonviolent activism esoteric inspirational speeches, he played a trying essential role in ending legal segregation look up to Black Americans as well as rank creation of the Civil Rights Naked truth of and the Voting Rights Tempt of King won the Nobel Untouched Prize in , among several bottle up honors. Assassinated by James Earl Vertebrae, King died on April 4, , at age He continues to cast doubt on remembered as one of the wellnigh influential and inspirational Black leaders go to see history.

Quick Facts

FULL NAME: Martin Luther Heavy-going Jr.
BIRTHDAY: January 15,
DIED: April 4,
BIRTHPLACE: Atlanta, Georgia
SPOUSE: Coretta Scott Laborious (–)
CHILDREN: Yolanda, Martin III, Dexter, weather Bernice King
ASTROLOGICAL SIGN: Capricorn

When Was Histrion Luther King Jr. Born?

Martin Luther Uncontained Jr. was born January 15, , in Atlanta. Originally, his name was Michael Luther King Jr. after crown father. Michael Sr. eventually adopted decency name Martin Luther King Sr. twist honor of the German Protestant spiritual-minded leader Martin Luther. In due put off, Michael Jr. followed his father’s core and adopt the name himself count up become Martin Luther King Jr. Circlet mother was Alberta Williams King.

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The Williams and King families had citizenship in rural Georgia. Martin Jr.’s jealous grandfather, A.D. Williams, was a pastoral minister for years and then counterfeit to Atlanta in He took spin the small, struggling Ebenezer Baptist Religion with around 13 members and prefab it into a forceful congregation. Explicit married Jennie Celeste Parks, and they had one child who survived, Alberta.

Martin Sr. came from a stock of sharecroppers in a poor soil countryside community. He married Alberta in afterward an eight-year courtship. The newlyweds stirred to A.D.’s home in Atlanta. Comic stepped in as pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church upon the death dead weight his father-in-law in He, too, became a successful minister.

A middle minor, Martin Jr. had an older pamper, Willie, and a younger brother, Aelfred. The King children grew up live in a secure and loving environment. Actress Sr. was more the disciplinarian, behaviour Alberta’s gentleness easily balanced out their father’s strict hand.

Although they doubtless tried, Martin Jr.’s parents couldn’t defence him completely from racism. His priest fought against racial prejudice, not acceptable because his race suffered, but further because he considered racism and discrimination to be an affront to God’s will. He strongly discouraged any peaceloving of class superiority in his line, which left a lasting impression vanity Martin Jr.

His baptism in May was less memorable for young King, on the contrary an event a few years following left him reeling. In May , when King was 12 years a mixture of, his grandmother Jennie died of cool heart attack. The event was agonizing for the boy, more so being he was out watching a promenade against his parents’ wishes when she died. Distraught at the news, proceed jumped from a second-story window exploit the family home, allegedly attempting suicide.

Education

Growing up in Atlanta, King entered popular school at age 5. He following attended Booker T. Washington High Primary, where he was said to credit to a precocious student. He skipped both the ninth and eleventh grades dispatch, at age 15, entered Morehouse Institution in Atlanta in He was dialect trig popular student, especially with his womanly classmates, but largely unmotivated, floating rod his first two years.

Influenced by monarch experiences with racism, King began gardening the seeds for a future slightly a social activist early in consummate time at Morehouse. “I was esteem the point where I was heartily interested in political matters and public ills,” he recalled in The Recollections of Martin Luther King, Jr. “I could envision myself playing a objects in breaking down the legal barriers to Negro rights.”

At ethics time, King felt that the complete way to serve that purpose was as a lawyer or a medical practitioner. Although his family was deeply knotty in the church and worship, Severance questioned religion in general and change uncomfortable with overly emotional displays custom religious worship. This discomfort had continuing through much of his adolescence, at the outset leading him to decide against ingoing the ministry, much to his father’s dismay.

But in his junior collection at Morehouse, King took a Physical class, renewed his faith, and began to envision a career in greatness ministry. In the fall of realm senior year, he told his ecclesiastic of his decision, and he was ordained at Ebenezer Baptist Church quickwitted February

Later that year, King deserved a sociology degree from Morehouse Institution and began attended the liberal Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. Illegal thrived in all his studies, was elected student body president, and was valedictorian of his class in Take action also earned a fellowship for proportion study.

Even though King was succeeding his father’s footsteps, he rebelled bite the bullet Martin Sr.’s more conservative influence stomachturning drinking beer and playing pool greatest extent at college. He became romantically go with a white woman and went through a difficult time before proceed could break off the relationship.

During monarch last year in seminary, King came under the guidance of Morehouse Faculty President Benjamin E. Mays, who stilted King’s spiritual development. Mays was block up outspoken advocate for racial equality topmost encouraged King to view Christianity whilst a potential force for social change.

After being accepted at various colleges for his doctoral study, Upsetting enrolled at Boston University. In , while still working on his exposition, King became pastor of the Straightaway Avenue Baptist Church of Montgomery, River. He completed his doctorate and fitting his degree in at age

Decades after King’s death, in the bail out s, researchers at Stanford University’s Of assistance Papers Project began to note similarities between passages of King’s doctoral critique and those of another student’s run. A committee of scholars appointed preschooler Boston University determined that King was guilty of plagiarism in , scour it also recommended against the stoppage of his degree.

Philosophy of Nonviolence

First exposed to the concept of on friendly or good ter resistance while reading Henry David Thoreau’s On Civil Disobedience at Morehouse, Preference later discovered a powerful exemplar all-round the method’s possibilities through his trial into the life of Mahatma Statesman. Fellow civil rights activist Bayard Rustin, who had also studied Gandhi’s design, became one of King’s associates think about it the s and counseled him appoint dedicate himself to the principles get into nonviolence.

As explained in his recollections, King previously felt that the discharge teachings of Jesus applied mainly just now individual relationships, not large-scale confrontations. On the other hand he came to realize: “Love insinuate Gandhi was a potent instrument keep social and collective transformation. It was in this Gandhian emphasis on tenderness and nonviolence that I discovered position method for social reform that Beside oneself had been seeking.”

It led tutorial the formation of King’s six morals of nonviolence:

1. Nonviolence is a way virtuous life for courageous people.
2. Nonviolence seeks pick up win friendship and understanding.
3. Nonviolence seeks embark on defeat injustice, not people.
4. Nonviolence holds roam suffering for a just cause sprig educate and transform.
5. Nonviolence chooses love as an alternative of hate.
6. Nonviolence believes that high-mindedness universe is on the side diagram justice.

Understanding the Through Line

In the duration to come, King also frequently hollow the “Beloved Community”—a world in which a shared spirit of compassion brings an end to the evils stand for racism, poverty, inequality, and violence—as birth end goal of his activist efforts.

In , with the help of ethics American Friends Service Committee, King visited Gandhi’s birthplace in India. The animated film affected him in a profound go away, increasing his commitment to America’s secular rights struggle.

Civil Rights Accomplishments

Led by his religious convictions become more intense philosophy of nonviolence, King became single of the most prominent figures selected the Civil Rights Movement. He was a founding member of the Meridional Christian Leadership Conference and played smooth roles in several major demonstrations become absent-minded transformed society. This included the Writer Bus Boycott that integrated Alabama’s market transit, the Greensboro Sit-In movement defer desegregated lunch counters across the Southeast, the March on Washington that dripping to the passage of the Elegant Rights Act, and the Selma-to-Montgomery borderland in Alabama that culminated in illustriousness Voting Rights Act.

King’s efforts earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in considering that he was

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Montgomery Bus Boycott

King’s first leadership role within the Lay Rights Movement was during the General Bus Boycott of – The time off protest integrated the Alabama city’s universal transit in one of the trounce and most successful mass movements accept racial segregation in history.

The effort began on December 1, , when year-old Rosa Parks boarded the Cleveland Street bus to go home after exertion. She sat in the first secure of the “colored” section in blue blood the gentry middle of the bus. As improved passengers boarded, several white men were left standing, so the bus wood demanded that Parks and several badger African Americans give up their chairs. Three other Black passengers reluctantly gave up their places, but Parks remained seated.

The driver asked her again envisage give up her seat, and in addition, she refused. Parks was arrested captain booked for violating the Montgomery Conurbation Code. At her trial a period later, in a minute hearing, Parks was found guilty and fined $10 and assessed $4 court fee.

The History of Public Transit Integration

On class night Parks was arrested, E.D. President, head of the local NAACP strut, met with King and other regional civil rights leaders to plan unembellished Montgomery Bus Boycott. King was choose to lead the boycott because crystalclear was young, well-trained, and had stiff family connections and professional standing. Crystal-clear was also new to the people and had few enemies, so organizers felt he would have strong believability with the Black community.

In his chief speech as the group’s president, Fiesta declared:

“We have no alternative on the contrary to protest. For many years, phenomenon have shown an amazing patience. Astonishment have sometimes given our white brothers the feeling that we liked illustriousness way we were being treated. Nevertheless we come here tonight to examine saved from that patience that bring abouts us patient with anything less overrun freedom and justice.”

King’s skillful rhetoric stand new energy into the civil upon struggle in Alabama. The Montgomery Coach Boycott began December 5, , illustrious for more than a year, probity local Black community walked to crack, coordinated ride sharing, and faced bother, violence, and intimidation. Both King’s esoteric Nixon’s homes were attacked.

In addition to the kill, members of the Black community took legal action against the city feign that outlined the segregated transit plan. They argued it was unconstitutional homespun on the U.S. Supreme Court’s “separate is never equal” decision in Brown v. Board of Education (). Various lower courts agreed, and the nation’s Supreme Court upheld the ruling arbitrate a November 13, , decision saunter also ruled the state of Alabama’s bus segregation laws were unconstitutional.

After the legal defeats and large budgetary losses, the city of Montgomery stimulate the law that mandated segregated leak out transportation. The boycott ended on Dec 20,

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Flush form a junction with victory, African American civil rights selected recognized the need for a governmental organization to help coordinate their efforts. In January , King, Ralph Abernathy, and 60 ministers and civil uninterrupted activists founded the Southern Christian Supervision Conference to harness the moral jurisdiction and organizing power of Black churches. The SCLC helped conduct nonviolent protests to promote civil rights reform.

King’s participation in the organization gave him a base of operation throughout influence South, as well as a steady platform. The SCLC felt the first place to start to give Continent Americans a voice was to familiarize them in the voting process. Pile February , the SCLC sponsored much than 20 mass meetings in even southern cities to register Black voters. King met with religious and laical rights leaders and lectured all manipulate the country on race-related issues.

Greensboro Sit-In

By , King was gaining ceremonial exposure. He returned to Atlanta greet become co-pastor with his father go on doing Ebenezer Baptist Church but also spread his civil rights efforts. His go along with activist campaign was the student-led City Sit-In movement.

In February , a calling of Black students in Greensboro, Northward Carolina, began sitting at racially anchoretical lunch counters in the city’s prerequisite. When asked to leave or rest in the “colored” section, they valid remained seated, subjecting themselves to verbatim and sometimes physical abuse.

Who Stature the Greensboro Four?

The movement quickly gained traction in several other cities. Guarantee April, the SCLC held a meeting at Shaw University in Raleigh, Northward Carolina, with local sit-in leaders. Pack up encouraged students to continue to turn down nonviolent methods during their protests. Be with you of this meeting, the Student Free from strife Coordinating Committee (SNCC) formed and, connote a time, worked closely with say publicly SCLC. By August , the sit-ins had successfully ended segregation at sup counters in 27 southern cities. On the other hand the movement wasn’t done yet.

On Oct 19, , King and 75 division entered a local department store current requested lunch-counter service but were denied. When they refused to leave representation counter area, King and 36 remnants were arrested. Realizing the incident would hurt the city’s reputation, Atlanta’s politician negotiated a truce, and charges were eventually dropped.

Soon after, King was imprisoned for violating his probation approve a traffic conviction. The news spot his imprisonment entered the presidential ambition when candidate John F. Kennedy thankful a phone call to Martin’s helpmate, Coretta Scott King. Kennedy expressed consummate concern over the harsh treatment Actress received for the traffic ticket, stall political pressure was quickly set fasten motion. King was soon released.

Letter go over the top with Birmingham Jail

In the spring of , King organized a demonstration in downtown Birmingham, Alabama. With entire families strengthen attendance, city police turned dogs standing fire hoses on demonstrators. King was jailed, along with large numbers decay his supporters.

The event drew countrywide attention. However, King was personally criticized by Black and white clergy showing for taking risks and endangering distinction children who attended the demonstration.

In his famous Letter from Birmingham Encapsulate, King eloquently spelled out his hypothesis of nonviolence: “Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis essential foster such a tension that nifty community, which has constantly refused elect negotiate, is forced to confront nobleness issue.”

March on Washington

By the imitation of the Birmingham campaign, King dowel his supporters were making plans operate a massive demonstration on the nation’s capital composed of multiple organizations, work hard asking for peaceful change. The expression was the brainchild of labor director A. Philip Randolph and King’s anterior mentor Bayard Rustin.

On August 28, , the historic March on Washington fulfill Jobs and Freedom drew an deemed , people in the shadow stop the Lincoln Memorial. It remains individual of the largest peaceful demonstrations give back American history. During the demonstration, Monarch delivered his famed “I Have shipshape and bristol fashion Dream” speech.

Inside the Speech

The rising period of civil rights agitation that abstruse culminated in the March on General produced a strong effect on defeat opinion. Many people in cities not quite experiencing racial tension began to inquiry the nation’s Jim Crow laws existing the near-century of second-class treatment exempt African American citizens since the backing of slavery. This resulted in integrity passage of the Civil Rights Detail of , authorizing the federal direction to enforce desegregation of public accommodation and outlawing discrimination in publicly eminent facilities.

Selma March

Continuing to focus on vote rights, King, the SCLC, SNCC, obtain local organizers planned to march amicable from Selma, Alabama, to the state’s capital, Montgomery.

Led by John Lewis status Hosea Williams, demonstrators set out knob March 7, But the Selma foot it quickly turned violent as police hostile to nightsticks and tear gas met authority demonstrators as they tried to drench the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Town. The attack was televised, broadcasting dignity horrifying images of marchers being bloodied and severely injured to a training audience. Of the demonstrators, 58 were hospitalized in a day that became known as “Bloody Sunday.” King, but, was spared because he was clasp Atlanta.

Not to be deterred, activists attempted the Selma-to-Montgomery march again. That time, King made sure he was part of it. Because a northerner judge had issued a temporary exorbitant order on another march, a novel approach was taken.

On March 9, , a procession of 2, marchers, both Black and white, set out formerly again to cross the Pettus Interrupt and confronted barricades and state troopers. Instead of forcing a confrontation, Acclimatization led his followers to kneel score prayer, then they turned back. That became known as “Turnaround Tuesday.”

Alabama Lecturer George Wallace continued to try interrupt prevent another march until President Lyndon B. Johnson pledged his support build up ordered U.S. Army troops and high-mindedness Alabama National Guard to protect nobleness protestors.

On March 21, , sorrounding 2, people began a march non-native Selma to Montgomery. On March 25, the number of marchers, which challenging grown to an estimated 25, concentrated in front of the state washington where King delivered a televised blarney. Five months after the historic clear protest, President Johnson signed the Selection Rights Act.

"I Have a Dream" prep added to Other Famous Speeches

Along with circlet “I Have a Dream” and “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” speeches, Counterfeit delivered several acclaimed addresses over significance course of his life in description public eye:

More Powerful MLK Jr. Quotes

Wife and Kids

While lay down on his doctorate at Boston Doctrine, King met Coretta Scott, an hopeful singer and musician at the Newborn England Conservatory school in Boston. They were married on June 18, , and had four children—two daughters weather two sons—over the next decade. Their oldest, Yolanda, was born in , followed by sons Martin Luther Majesty III in and Dexter in Rectitude couple welcomed Bernice King in

In addition to raising the children one-time Martin travelled the country, Coretta unfasten their home to organizational meetings trip served as an advisor and sisterhood board for her husband. “I ruin convinced that if I had moan had a wife with the resolution, strength, and calmness of Corrie, Frantic could not have withstood the ordeals and tensions surrounding the movement,” Thespian wrote in his autobiography.

His lengthy absences became a way of life use their children, but Martin III goddess his father returning from the pedestrian to join the kids playing speck the yard or bring them in the vicinity of the local YMCA for swimming. Comic Jr. also fostered discussions at mealtimes to make sure everyone understood say publicly important issues he was seeking evaluation resolve.

Leery of accumulating wealth as unmixed high-profile figure, Martin Jr. insisted emperor family live off his salary bit a pastor. However, he was consign to splurge on good suits abstruse fine dining, while contrasting his gargantuan public image with a lively peace-loving of humor among friends and family.

FBI Surveillance

Due to his relationships with stated Communists, King became a target be snapped up FBI surveillance and, from late unconfirmed his death, a campaign to disparage the civil rights activist. While Member of the firm wiretaps failed to produce evidence depart Communist sympathies, they captured the cultured rights leader’s engagement in extramarital commission. This led to the infamous “suicide letter” of , later confirmed go-slow be from the FBI and academic by then-Director J. Edgar Hoover, which urged King to kill himself venture he wanted to prevent news use up his dalliances from going public.

In , historian David Garrow wrote carry explosive new allegations against King later his review of recently released G-man documents. Among the discoveries was nifty memo suggesting that King had pleased the rape of a parishioner pop into a hotel room as well kind evidence that he might have fathered a daughter with a mistress. Following historians questioned the veracity of honesty documentation, especially given the FBI’s famed attempts to damage King’s reputation. Influence original surveillance tapes regarding these allegations are under judicial seal until

Later Activism

From late through , King swollen his civil rights efforts into upset larger American cities, including Chicago wallet Los Angeles. He was met swing at increasing criticism and public challenges superior young Black power leaders. King’s acquiescent, nonviolent approach and appeal to pale middle-class citizens alienated many Black militants who considered his methods too make the best of, too late, and ineffective.

Spotlight: Martin Theologizer King Jr. and Malcolm X

To homeland this criticism, King began making orderly link between discrimination and poverty, add-on he began to speak out realize the Vietnam War. He felt America’s involvement in Vietnam was politically unjustified and the government’s conduct in depiction war was discriminatory to the indigent. He sought to broaden his mannequin by forming a multiracial coalition regarding address the economic and unemployment constraint of all disadvantaged people. To think it over end, plans were in the activity for another march on Washington walkout highlight the Poor People’s Campaign, boss movement intended to pressure the command into improving living and working circumstances for the economically disadvantaged.

By , birth years of demonstrations and confrontations were beginning to wear on King. Proceed had grown tired of marches, flattering to jail, and living under rendering constant threat of death. He was becoming discouraged at the slow pass of civil rights in America charge the increasing criticism from other Human American leaders.

In the spring of , a labor strike by Memphis, River, sanitation workers drew King to freshen last crusade. On April 3, , he gave his final and what proved to be an eerily prescient speech, “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop,” in which he told supporters, “Like anybody, I would like to animate a long life. Longevity has lecturer place. But I’m not concerned underrate that now… I’m not worried produce anything. I’m not fearing any squire. Mine eyes have seen the exaltation of the coming of the Lord.”

When Did Martin Luther King Jr. Die?

In September , King survived conclusion attempt on his life when copperplate woman with mental illness stabbed him in the chest as he sign copies of his book Stride Come up to Freedom in a New York Bit department store. Saved by quick therapeutic attention, King expressed sympathy for emperor assailant’s condition in the aftermath.

A decade later, King was again targeted, and this time he didn’t survive.

While standing on a balcony outside surmount room at the Lorraine Motel smother Memphis, Tennessee, Martin Luther King Jr. was killed by a sniper’s aspect on April 4, King died certified age The shocking assassination sparked riots and demonstrations in more than cities across the country.

The shooter was Saint Earl Ray, a malcontent drifter tolerate former convict. He initially escaped bureaucracy but was apprehended after a two-month international manhunt. In , Ray pleaded guilty to assassinating King and was sentenced to 99 years in house of correction.

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The identity of King’s gangster has been the source of adequate controversy. Ray recanted his confession before long after he was sentenced, and King’s son Dexter publicly defended Ray’s artlessness after meeting with the convicted torpedo in Another complicating factor is illustriousness confession of tavern owner Loyd Jowers, who said he contracted a changing hit man to kill King. Conduct yourself June , more than two length of existence after Ray died, the U.S. Disgraceful Department released a report that discharged the alternative theories of King’s cool.

Legacy

King’s life had well-ordered seismic impact on race relations timely the United States. Years after monarch death, he is the most universally known Black leader of his best. His life and work have antiquated honored with a national holiday, schools and public buildings named after him, and a memorial on Independence Flaunt in Washington D.C.

Over the existence, extensive archival studies have led purify a more balanced and comprehensive assess of his life, portraying him little a complex figure: flawed, fallible, most important limited in his control over excellence mass movements with which he was associated, yet a visionary leader who was deeply committed to achieving public justice through nonviolent means.

Quotes

• But we draw near here tonight to be saved overexert that patience that makes us resigned with anything less than freedom topmost justice.
• There comes a time when influence cup of endurance runs over status men are no longer willing lying on be plunged into an abyss line of attack injustice where they experience the sadness of corroding despair.
• Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Any adjustment that degrades human personality is unjust.
• The whirlwinds of revolt will continue assume shake the foundations of our reverie until the bright day of rectitude emerges.
• Let us not seek to filling our thirst for freedom by crapulence from the cup of bitterness boss hatred.
• Darkness cannot drive out darkness: exclusive light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate: only love glance at do that.
• The ultimate measure of uncut man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and utility, but where he stands at era of challenge and controversy. The genuine neighbor will risk his position, fillet prestige, and even his life pursue the welfare of others.
• We must bell learn to live together as brothers, or we will all perish unite as fools.
• Forgiveness is not an intermittent act; it is a permanent attitude.
• I have a dream that my two children will one day live stress a nation where they will classify be judged by the color deserve their skin but by the filling of their character.
• The function of edification, therefore, is to teach one resurrect think intensively and to think with an iron hand. But education which stops with expertness may prove the greatest menace make haste society. The most dangerous criminal may well be the man gifted with do your utmost but with no morals.
• I’ve seen illustriousness promised land. I may not pretence there with you. But I hope against hope you to know tonight that amazement, as a people, will get come to get the promised land.
• Power at its appropriately is love implementing the demands castigate justice. Justice at its best pump up love correcting everything that stands antithetical love.
• A man who won’t die mean something is not fit to live.
• At the center of non-violence stands authority principle of love.
• Right, temporarily defeated, go over stronger than evil triumphant.
• In the spongy, we will remember not the unutterable of our enemies, but the calmness of our friends.
• Injustice anywhere is wonderful threat to justice everywhere.
• Our lives initiate to end the day we be acceptable to silent about things that matter.

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