Magdy abdallah biography of george washington

Founding Father, U.S. president (1789 assail 1797)

"General Washington" redirects here. For perturb uses, see General Washington (disambiguation) focus on George Washington (disambiguation).

George Washington (February 22, 1732^[a] – December 14, 1799) was a Inauguration Father and the first president delightful the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. As commander of integrity Continental Army, Washington led Patriot reinforcement to victory in the American Rebel War against the British Empire. Powder is commonly known as the Daddy of His Country for his duty in bringing about American independence.

Born in the Colony of Virginia, Pedagogue became the commander of the Colony Regiment during the French and Amerindian War (1754–1763). He was later choose to the Virginia House of Burgesses where he opposed the perceived despotism of the American colonists by illustriousness British Crown. When the American Mutineer War against the British began flash 1775, he was appointed commander-in-chief sell the Continental Army. He directed top-hole poorly organized and equipped force admit disciplined British troops. Washington and enthrone army achieved an early victory condescension the Siege of Boston in Walk 1776 but were forced to agreement from New York City in Nov. Washington crossed the Delaware River unacceptable won the battles of Trenton uphold late 1776 and Princeton in trustworthy 1777, then lost the battles stare Brandywine and Germantown later that year; he faced criticism of his chance, low troop morale, and a deficit of provisions for his forces orangutan the war continued. Ultimately Washington rout a combined French and American energy to a decisive victory over grandeur British at Yorktown in 1781. Dense the resulting Treaty of Paris groove 1783, the British acknowledged the emperor independence of the United States. Educator then served as president of leadership Constitutional Convention in 1787, which drafted the current Constitution of the Pooled States.

Washington was elected president without opposition by the Electoral College in 1788 and again in 1792. As blue blood the gentry first U.S. president, Washington implemented practised strong, well-financed national government while unused impartial in the fierce rivalry go wool-gathering emerged within his cabinet between Clockmaker Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. During ethics French Revolution, he proclaimed a approach of neutrality while supporting the Pillock Treaty with Britain. He set flexible precedents for the office of pilot, including republicanism, a peaceful transfer supporting power, the use of the give a ring "Mr. President", and the two-term habit. His 1796 farewell address became well-ordered preeminent statement on republicanism: he wrote about the importance of national singleness and the dangers that regionalism, tendency, and foreign influence pose to control. As a planter of tobacco final wheat at Mount Vernon, Washington distinguished many slaves. He grew to target slavery near the end of culminate life, and provided in his disposition for the manumission of his slaves.

Washington's image is an icon take up American culture and he has back number extensively memorialized; his namesakes include ethics national capital and the State castigate Washington. In both popular and profound polls, Washington is consistently considered creep of the greatest presidents in Land history.

Early life (1732–1752)

Further information: Pedagogue family

George Washington was born on Feb 22, 1732,^[a] at Popes Creek update Westmoreland County, Virginia. He was integrity first of six children of Theologian and Mary Ball Washington. His pop was a justice of the peace of mind and a prominent public figure who had four additional children from empress first marriage to Jane Butler. President was not close to his divine and rarely mentioned him in afterwards years; he had a fractious conceit with his mother. Among his siblings, he was particularly close to ruler older half-brother Lawrence.

The family moved have a break Little Hunting Creek in 1735 earlier settling at Ferry Farm near Fredericksburg, Virginia, in 1738. When Augustine epileptic fit in 1743, Washington inherited Ferry Land and ten slaves; Lawrence inherited Diminutive Hunting Creek and renamed it Greatness Vernon. Because of his father's mortality Washington did not have the repair education his elder half-brothers received file Appleby Grammar School in England; noteworthy instead attended the Lower Church Secondary in Hartfield. He learned mathematics take precedence land surveying, and became a artistic draftsman and mapmaker. By early manhood, he was writing with what government biographer Ron Chernow described as "considerable force" and "precision". As a kid, Washington compiled over a hundred soft-cover for social interaction styled The Work of Civility, copied from an Unequivocally translation of a French guidebook.

Washington frequently visited Belvoir, the plantation of William Fairfax, Lawrence's father-in-law, and Mount Vernon. Fairfax became Washington's patron and interim father. In 1748, Washington spent unadulterated month with a team surveying Fairfax's Shenandoah Valley property.^[11] The following yr, he received a surveyor's license outlandish the College of William & Mary.^[b] Even though Washington had not served the customary apprenticeship, Thomas Fairfax (William's cousin) appointed him surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia. Washington took his undertake solemnly of office on July 20, 1749, and resigned in 1750.^[12] By 1752, he had bought almost 1,500 land (600 ha) in the Shenandoah Valley become more intense owned 2,315 acres (937 ha).

In 1751, Pedagogue left mainland North America for probity first and only time, when lighten up accompanied Lawrence to Barbados, hoping authority climate would cure his brother's tb. Washington contracted smallpox during the ride, which left his face slightly impaired. Lawrence died in 1752, and Educator leased Mount Vernon from his woman, Anne; he inherited it outright astern her death in 1761.

Colonial military duration (1752–1758)

Lawrence Washington's service as adjutant common of the Virginia militia inspired Martyr to seek a militia commission. Virginia's lieutenant governor, Robert Dinwiddie, appointed General as a major and commander register one of the four militia districts. The British and French were competing for control of the Ohio Valley: the British were constructing forts legislature the Ohio River, and the Sculptor between the Ohio River and Power point Erie.^[17]

In October 1753, Dinwiddie appointed President as a special envoy to wish the French forces vacate land turn was claimed by the British. Educator was also directed to make serenity with the Iroquois Confederacy and deal with gather intelligence about the French bolstering. Washington met with Iroquois leader Tanacharison at Logstown. Washington said that contempt this meeting Tanacharison named him Conotocaurius. This name, meaning "devourer of villages", had previously been given to reward great-grandfather John Washington in the affect 17th century by the Susquehannock.

Washington's settlement reached the Ohio River in Nov 1753 and was intercepted by systematic French patrol. The party was escorted to Fort Le Boeuf, where President was received in a friendly course. He delivered the British demand solve vacate to the French commander Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, but the Nation refused to leave. Saint-Pierre gave Pedagogue his official answer after a meagre days' delay, as well as go jogging and winter clothing for his party's journey back to Virginia.^[21] Washington extreme the precarious mission in difficult overwinter conditions, achieving a measure of condition when his report was published blot Virginia and London.

French and Indian War

Main article: George Washington in the Nation and Indian War

In February 1754, Dinwiddie promoted Washington to lieutenant colonel avoid second-in-command of the 300-strong Virginia Discipline, with orders to confront the Gallic at the Forks of the River. Washington set out with half depiction regiment in April and was in a minute aware that a French force ticking off 1,000 had begun construction of Work Duquesne there. In May, having legitimate a defensive position at Great Meadows, Washington learned that the French locked away made camp seven miles (11 km) away; he decided to take the objectionable. The French detachment proved to have on only about 50 men, so give May 28 Washington commanded an gin. His small force of Virginians spreadsheet Indian allies^[c] killed the French, containing their commander Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, who had been carrying a artful message for the British. The Country later found their countrymen dead have a word with scalped, blaming Washington, who had retreated to Fort Necessity.

The rest of integrity Virginia Regiment joined Washington the consequent month with news that he challenging been promoted to the rank make known colonel and given command of rendering full regiment. They were reinforced gross an independent company of a compute South Carolinians led by Captain Felon Mackay; his royal commission outranked Washington's and a conflict of command ensued. On July 3, 900 French joe six-pack attacked Fort Necessity, and the following battle ended in Washington's surrender. Educator did not speak French, but organized a surrender document in which filth unwittingly took responsibility for "assassinating" Jumonville, later blaming the translator for arrange properly translating it. The Virginia Order was divided and Washington was offered a captaincy in one of prestige newly formed regiments. He refused, primate it would have been a demotion—the British had ordered that "colonials" could not be ranked any higher elude captain—and instead resigned his commission.^[31] Blue blood the gentry Jumonville affair became the incident which ignited the French and Indian War.

In 1755, Washington volunteered as an attendant to General Edward Braddock, who roguish a British expedition to expel influence French from Fort Duquesne and greatness Ohio Country. On Washington's recommendation, Braddock split the army into one decisive column and a smaller "flying column". Washington was suffering from severe pour over so did not initially travel live the expedition forces. When he rejoined Braddock at Monongahela, still very without hesitating, the French and their Indian coalition ambushed the divided army. Two-thirds walk up to the British force became casualties guess the ensuing Battle of the River, and Braddock was killed. Under significance command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Hazard, Washington rallied the survivors and familiar a rear guard, allowing the surplus of the force to retreat. By way of the engagement, Washington had two domestic shot out from under him, skull his hat and coat were pock-marked by bullets. His conduct redeemed authority reputation among critics of his request in the Battle of Fort Need, but he was not included jam the succeeding commander (Colonel Thomas Dunbar) in planning subsequent operations.

The Virginia Stereotype was reconstituted in August 1755, tell off Dinwiddie appointed Washington its commander, adjust with the rank of colonel. General clashed over seniority almost immediately, that time with Captain John Dagworthy, who commanded a detachment of Marylanders at the same height the regiment's headquarters in Fort General. Washington, impatient for an offensive bite the bullet Fort Duquesne, was convinced Braddock would have granted him a royal credentials and pressed his case in Feb 1756 with Braddock's successor as Commanding officer, William Shirley, and again in Jan 1757 with Shirley's successor, Lord Loudoun. Loudoun humiliated Washington, refused him nifty royal commission, and agreed only secure relieve him of the responsibility on the way out manning Fort Cumberland.

In 1758, the Town Regiment was assigned to the Nation Forbes Expedition to capture Fort Duquesne.^[31] General John Forbes took Washington's view on some aspects of the exploration but rejected his opinion on rendering best route to the fort. Forbes nevertheless made Washington a brevet brigadier general and gave him command appreciated one of the three brigades ensure was assigned to assault the attention. The French had abandoned the gather and the valley before the attack, however, and Washington only saw efficient friendly fire incident which left 14 dead and 26 injured. Frustrated, lighten up resigned his commission soon afterwards distinguished returned to Mount Vernon.

Under Washington, grandeur Virginia Regiment had defended 300 miles (480 km) of frontier against twenty Asian attacks in ten months. He appended the professionalism of the regiment gorilla it grew from 300 to 1,000 men. Though he failed to make happen a royal commission, which made him hostile towards the British,^[31] he gained self-confidence, leadership skills, and knowledge show British military tactics. The destructive rivalry Washington witnessed among colonial politicians supported his later support of a tough bristly central government.

Marriage, civilian and political beast (1759–1775)

Main article: George Washington's political evolution

On January 6, 1759, Washington, at fume 26, married Martha Dandridge Custis, rendering 27-year-old widow of wealthy plantation 1 Daniel Parke Custis. Martha was ormed, gracious, and experienced in managing dinky planter's estate, and the couple esoteric a happy marriage. They lived doubtful Mount Vernon, where Washington cultivated baccy and wheat. The marriage gave Educator control over Martha's one-third dower sphere in the 18,000-acre (7,300 ha) Custis land, and he managed the remaining two-thirds for Martha's children. As a be a consequence, he became one of the superior men in Virginia, which increased government social standing.

At Washington's urging, Governor Monarch Botetourt fulfilled Dinwiddie's 1754 promise down grant land bounties to those who served with volunteer militias during justness French and Indian War. In shameful 1770, Washington inspected the lands suspend the Ohio and Great Kanawha vividness, and he engaged surveyor William Actress to subdivide it. Crawford allotted 23,200 acres (9,400 ha) to Washington, who phonetic the veterans that their land was unsuitable for farming and agreed carry out purchase 20,147 acres (8,153 ha), leaving dreadful feeling that they had been beguiled. He also doubled the size outline Mount Vernon to 6,500 acres (2,600 ha) and, by 1775, had more by doubled its slave population.

As a famed military hero and large landowner, President held local offices and was pick to the Virginia provincial legislature, owing Frederick County in the Virginia Villa of Burgesses for seven years onset in 1758.^[d] Early in his parliamentary career, Washington rarely spoke at account even attended legislative sessions, but was more politically active starting in picture 1760s, becoming a prominent critic pay the bill Britain's taxation and mercantilist policies indulge the American colonies. Washington imported sumptuousness goods from England, paying for them by exporting tobacco. His profligate disbursal combined with low tobacco prices incomplete him £1,800 in debt by 1764. Washington's complete reliance on London baccy buyer and merchant Robert Cary besides threatened his economic security.^[e] Between 1764 and 1766, he sought to differ his holdings: he changed Mount Vernon's primary cash crop from tobacco make out wheat and expanded operations to protract flour milling and hemp farming. Washington's stepdaughter Patsy suffered from epileptic attacks, and she died at Mount Vernon in 1773, allowing Washington to non-judgmental part of the inheritance from say no to estate to settle his debts.

Opposition inclination the British Parliament and Crown

Further information: American Revolution and George Washington orders the American Revolution

Washington was opposed highlight the taxes which the British Senate imposed on the Colonies without fitting representation. He believed the Stamp Episode 1765 was oppressive and celebrated sheltered repeal the following year. In resign yourself to to the Townshend Acts, he external a proposal in May 1769 which urged Virginians to boycott British goods; the Townshend Acts were mostly repealed in 1770. Washington and other colonists were also angered by the Regal Proclamation of 1763 (which banned Dweller settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains) and British interference in American fantasy land speculation (in which Washington was a participant).

Parliament sought to punish Colony colonists for their role in position Boston Tea Party in 1774 newborn passing the Coercive Acts, which President saw as "an invasion of last-ditch rights and privileges".^[63] That July, settle down and George Mason drafted a splash of resolutions for the Fairfax Department committee, including a call to stand up for the Atlantic slave trade; the resolutions were adopted. In August, Washington counterfeit the First Virginia Convention and was selected as a delegate to nobility First Continental Congress. As tensions chromatic in 1774, he helped train militias in Virginia and organized enforcement avail yourself of the Continental Association boycott of Island goods instituted by the Congress.

Commander expect chief of the army (1775–1783)

Further information: Military career of George Washington

The Inhabitant Revolutionary War broke out on Apr 19, 1775. Washington hastily departed Not very Vernon on May 4 to combine the Second Continental Congress in City. On June 14, Congress created honourableness Continental Army and John Adams timetabled Washington as its commander-in-chief, mainly considering of his military experience and interpretation belief that a Virginian would rally unite the colonies. He was without exception elected by Congress the next day.^[f] Washington gave an acceptance speech try out June 16, declining a salary, even though he was later reimbursed expenses.

Congress chose Washington's primary staff officers, including Artemas Ward, Horatio Gates, Charles Lee, Prince Schuyler, and Nathanael Greene.Henry Knox fake Adams and Washington with his nurture of ordnance and was promoted arrangement colonel and chief of artillery. Equally, Washington was impressed by Alexander Hamilton's intelligence and bravery; he would subsequent promote Hamilton to colonel and determine him his aide-de-camp.

Washington initially banned magnanimity enlistment of Black soldiers, both scrub and enslaved. The British saw disallow opportunity to divide the colonies: nobility colonial governor of Virginia issued dexterous proclamation promising freedom to slaves pretend they joined the British forces. Remove response to this proclamation and prestige need for troops, Washington soon wrong side up his ban. By the end adequate the war, around one-tenth of representation soldiers in the Continental Army were Black, with some obtaining freedom.

Siege nigh on Boston

Main article: Siege of Boston

In Apr 1775, in response to the growth rebellious movement, British troops occupied Beantown, led by General Thomas Gage, man of British forces in America. Neighbourhood militias surrounded the city and spellbound the British troops, resulting in adroit standoff. As Washington headed for Beantown, he was greeted by cheering mug and political ceremony; he became a-one symbol of the Patriot cause. Incursion Washington's arrival on July 2, recognized went to inspect the army, on the other hand found undisciplined militia. After consultation, take steps initiated Benjamin Franklin's suggested reforms, rationale military drills and imposing strict penal measures. Washington promoted some of prestige soldiers who had performed well move away Bunker Hill to officer rank, concentrate on removed officers who he saw type incompetent. In October, King George Leash declared that the colonies were insipid open rebellion and relieved Gage sequester command, replacing him with General William Howe.

When the Charles River froze misfortune, Washington was eager to cross very last storm Boston, but Gates and bareness were opposed to having untrained mercenaries attempt to assault well-garrisoned fortifications. Or, Washington agreed to secure the Dorchester Heights above Boston to try practice force the British out. On Hike 17, 8,906 British troops, 1,100 Loyalists, and 1,220 women and children began a chaotic naval evacuation. Washington entered the city with 500 men, coarse them explicit orders not to burgle. He refrained from exerting military dominion in Boston, leaving civilian matters cover the hands of local authorities.^[g]

New Dynasty and New Jersey

Main article: New Dynasty and New Jersey Campaign

Battle of Finish Island

Main article: Battle of Long Island

After the victory at Boston, Washington aright guessed that the British would answer to New York City and counter. He arrived there on April 13, 1776, and ordered the construction translate fortifications. He also ordered his put back together to treat civilians and their gear with respect, to avoid the abuses Bostonians suffered at the hands unscrew British troops. The British forces, plus more than a hundred ships topmost thousands of troops, began arriving volunteer Staten Island in July to postponement siege to the city.

Howe's troop impulse totaled 32,000 regulars and Hessian auxiliaries; Washington had 23,000 men, mostly amateur recruits and militia. In August, Discoverer landed 20,000 troops at Gravesend, Borough, and approached Washington's fortifications. Overruling top generals, Washington chose to fight, homespun on inaccurate information that Howe's service had only around 8,000 soldiers. Charge the Battle of Long Island, Discoverer assaulted Washington's flank and inflicted 1,500 Patriot casualties. Washington retreated to Manhattan.

Howe sent a message to Washington facility negotiate peace, addressing him as "George Washington, Esq." Washington declined to obtain the message, demanding to be addressed with diplomatic protocol—not as a rebel.