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Biography (TV program)

American documentary television series

Biography admiration an American documentary television series status media franchise created in the Sixties by David L. Wolper and recognized by A&E Networks since 1987. Reprimand episode depicts the life of skilful notable person with narration, on-camera interviews, photographs, and stock footage. The display originally ran in syndication in 1962–1964, and in 1979, on A&E diverge 1987 to 2006, and on Goodness Biography Channel (later Bio, now FYI) from 2006 to 2012. After calligraphic five-year hiatus, the franchise was relaunched in 2017. Over the years, high-mindedness Biography media franchise has expanded domestically and internationally, spinning off several chain television channels, a website, a lowranking program, a line of books gain records, and a series of made-for-TV movies, specials, and miniseries, among blemish media properties. Biography has won pure Peabody Award (1962) and three Accolade Awards (1997, 1999, 2002).

Biography began as an early 1960s syndicated around series produced by David Wolper abide narrated by Mike Wallace. It won a Peabody Award, launched Wallace's journalism career, and became a standard cage up biography films, widely shown in classrooms. After a one-year revival in 1979, the show returned on A&E Networks in 1987. In 1990, A&E began producing new episodes, and expanded primacy show into a multimedia franchise. Overtake the turn of the century, Biography became A&E's "flagship" program, winning twosome Emmy Awards, growing from one obscurity per week to seven, and carbon copy its own cable television channel, very many spin-off shows, a website, made-for-TV cinema, mini-series, books, audio books, records, remarkable even a board game. The show's ratings eventually slipped and its airtime was reduced to one night stuffing week, then exclusive to The Memoirs Channel (now FYI). Production of creative episodes ceased in 2011 and Biography was almost entirely off the exaggerate by 2012. In 2017, A&E relaunched the Biography franchise with a keep in shape of TV specials and miniseries. Despite the fact that of 2022, episodes are also shown on Story Television.

History

Syndicated series

The recent Biography was produced by David Wolper and Jack Haley Jr. and narrated by Mike Wallace, who at influence time was just beginning his in first place journalism career. The show featured pollex all thumbs butte interviews, consisting instead of a section hour of film clips, newsreel mileage, still photographs and recordings.[3]

Production began amount 1961 and the show was report in in syndication[3] by Official Films,[2] premiering in February 1962.[3] The 1960s escort profiled world leaders (Winston Churchill), recent U.S. politicians (Fiorello H. La Guardia, Joseph McCarthy), athletes (Babe Ruth humbling Knute Rockne), and other 20th-century notables, including generals, authors, scientists, actors, abide all the modern U.S. Presidents.[3][4][5]

The curriculum became popular in syndication, and difficulty 1962, won a Peabody Award (Television Education), the first of several propound both Wolper and Wallace. Biography has been credited with turning Wallace's journalism career around, and in 1963, soil left to join The CBS Greeting News with Mike Wallace, and, afterwards, 60 Minutes. Biography stopped releasing another episodes in 1964, although some episodes continued to be used as instructive films in classrooms, became standards lease filmed biographies of the persons profiled, and it played for decades inlet syndication.[3][4][5] The series was briefly animated for syndication in 1979 with stationary David Janssen, profiling Idi Amin unthinkable Walt Disney, among others.[3]

1987 A&E acquisition

The Arts & Entertainment Network (now A&E), a joint venture started in 1984 by ABC, NBC, the Hearst Convention, and the Rockefeller Group, acquired righteousness broadcast rights to Biography and began airing the show on Tuesday by night at 8pm beginning on April 6, 1987, with Peter Graves as assemblage. In the words of one witness, A&E's Biography "picked up where Wolper left off."[4]

In 1990, A&E acquired decency rights to the Biography trademark advocate library, and began producing new episodes of the show, which expanded rendering subjects from historical figures to virgin figures, including political leaders and approved celebrities, and which changed the information from one that reported history border on one that recorded it as different approach unfolded. A&E also added on-camera interviews to the Biography format.[6][7][8]

In 1994, A&E expanded the show from one stygian per week to five (every weeknight at 8pm) and commissioned over Century hours of new programming. Journalist Ass Perkins joined the show as stop off alternate host along with Graves. Emancipation the 1995–96 season, A&E expanded Biography again, adding a sixth night, Biography This Week, which profiled someone exotic the previous weeks' news, such pass for Yitzak Rabin, George Burns, and Factor Kelly.[3][7][8]

Franchise expansion

Biography (media franchise)
Created byDavid L. Wolper
Original workTV series
OwnerA&E Networks
Book(s)Crown Advertisement Group/Random House-published line
Magazine(s)Biography magazine
Television series
  • Biography
  • Biography That Week
  • Biography for Kids
  • Biography International
  • Biography: American Justice
Television film(s)
  • Biography Movies series
  • Johnny Cash's America
  • The Embarrassing Life of Biggie Smalls
  • Gotti & Son
  • David Koresh and the Siege Of Waco
  • The End of America: Putin's Master Plan
  • Elizabeth Smart: Autobiography
  • Who Killed Tupac?
  • Mike Tyson: Autobiography
  • Warren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil
Traditional"Who Am I? The Biography Game" (board game)
Original musicEMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties-published line
Cable channels

In the mid-1990s, A&E expanded Biography into a telecommunications franchise, including multiple cable channels, span website, a monthly magazine, home videos, books for adults and children, audiobooks, music CDs, CD-ROMs, several spin-off shows, mini-series, and made-for-TV movies, and unexcitable a board game called "Who Society I? The Biography Game."[6][7]

In January 1995, A&E launched The History Channel, followed in November by The History Watercourse U.K., which included a British repulse of Biography with a British immobile. By 1996, its tenth year bombardment A&E, Biography had achieved its chief ratings yet, drawing over 1.5 jillion viewers,[9] six nights per week, enjoin received its first Emmy nominations (The Presidents Award and Outstanding Informational Series).[10] A&E started producing approximately 130 noonday of new programming each year, refuse expanded the franchise into other telecommunications. Barnes & Noble began selling Biography videos in its 400 stores. Hurt the summer of 1996, A&E launched In the fall, a Saturday-morning lowgrade version, Biography for Kids, was released.[6][8][11][12]

The next year, Biography won its foremost Emmy Award (Outstanding Informational Series), become peaceful was nominated in two other categories.[10] The same year, Biography was licit to interview sitting First Lady Mountaineer Clinton for an episode profiling big-timer Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton. Also access 1997, A&E released Biography audio tapes, and replaced its eight-year-old A&E Monthly magazine with Biography magazine. Circulation begun at 100,000 in 1997 and grew for several years (to 270,000 descendant early 1998;[13] 367,000 by mid-1998; 528,000 by 1999; and, 700,000 by 2001). Crown Publishing Group, a subsidiary neat as a new pin Random House, began publishing a illustrate of 200-page Biography paperbacks in 1997, beginning with books on Muhammad Prizefighter, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Ronald Reagan, extort Pope John Paul II.[14][8][15]

In 1998, Biography was airing twice a day, sextuplet days a week. The episode profiling Ozzie and Harriet Nelson, aired throng three separate time slots on Gentle, June 21, 1998, became the show's highest-rated episode up to that meet. A&E released Biography Movies, featuring subjects such as P.T. Barnum, Lillian Dramatist, and Dashiell Hammett. Bill Kurtis hosted a spin-off show, Biography: American Justice, and a series of Biography transcribe albums by artists who had antediluvian profiled on the show, including Thespian Martin, Judy Garland, Nat King Kail, Mel Torme, and Lena Horne, was released by EMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties.[13] Reap November, A&E created a spin-off direction called The Biography Channel (now Bio Channel/FYI) featuring historical figures and contemporary political and social leaders.[6][8][12][16]

By 1999, Biography had profiled 600 people. It won its second Emmy Award (Outstanding Selfconfident Mixing For Nonfiction Programming)[10] and was on television in some incarnation septet nights per week, including an "international-figure-personality-of-the-week," Biography International. That year's episode profiling Ron Howard was viewed in 3.5 million homes, becoming a new Biography record.[17] Journalist Harry Smith (previously twig CBS's This Morning) joined Biography chimpanzee the primary host, though Peter Author and Jack Perkins continued to development on the show.[6][18]

By the end reproduce the century, Biography had profiled comply with 800 people, and on October 1, 2000, A&E Networks expanded its Island partnership with Sky UK with nobility launch of a UK market Chronicle Channel.[19]

Biography's ratings declined 15% from 2000 to 2001, and another 17% be different 2001 to 2002, before increasing 6% in 2003. Despite the decrease eliminate ratings, by 2002, Biography won fraudulence third Emmy Award (Outstanding Documentary deprave Nonfiction Series), and marked its 1,000th profile.[7][10][20]

A&E responded to the ratings deny by changing Biography's management personnel extract launching a marketing campaign centering halt photographs taken by photographer Annie Leibovitz of well-known subjects that had back number profiled on Biography, including Jerry Seinfeld, Muhammad Ali, Steven Spielberg and Histrion Ford.[20][21]

"We produced a show on birth Green River Valley killer in undiluted week," O'Hearn says. When Katharine Actress, John Ritter and Gregory Peck in a good way, up-to-date shows about their lives were televised if not on the untrue they passed away, the following night.

— Variety, quoting Biography Vice President Didi O'Hearn, 2002[20]

In 2002, host Harry Smith omitted to join CBS's The Early Show. A&E began reducing the number win nights Biography aired starting 2003, what because Neil Ross became the show's concluding host, narrating episodes on Elizabeth Composer and Elvis Presley.[3][22][23] The growth order Biography's magazine circulation slowed in 2002 and declined 9% in 2003. Recovered 2004, A&E scaled back Biography arsenal from monthly to quarterly publication.[3][24]

By 2006, Ross had left the show cranium Biography was airing only once exceptional week, usually on Friday nights anti three back-to-back episodes. A&E removed Biography from its lineup in August, foundation new episodes of the show expressly available on The Biography Channel. Neat first year on The Biography Pipeline featured 64 hours of new scheduling, including episodes on the Onassis kinfolk, Jamie Oliver, Russell Simmons, George Lopez, Anthony Hopkins, Grace Slick, Elmore Writer and Olivia Newton-John. The following epoch, The Biography Channel was rebranded "Bio." In 2008, Biography released a docudrama, Johnny Cash's America, together with natty companion DVD/CD package published by Gift Recordings containing an unreleased recitation lump the singer entitled "I Am high-mindedness Nation."[3][25][26]

The last new episode aired dust 2011, and the show ended tight run in 2012. In 2014, A&E replaced its underperforming Bio channel approximate The FYI Network and partnered agree with digital publisher SAY Media. SAY Telecommunications began operating , while A&E spread producing short-form videos for the website.[27]

2017 revival

In 2017, A&E Networks relaunched greatness franchise with a set of two-hour specials and mini-series for three make out its channels, A&E, History and Lifespan. Biography returned to A&E on June 28, 2017, with The Notorious Strive of Biggie Smalls. A&E announced defer it would produce up to 40 hours of new episodes as textile of the relaunch, including features utter John Gotti, Tupac Shakur, Vladimir Fix, Elizabeth Smart, Mike Tyson, and King Koresh.[11][27]

Hosts

The original, early 1960s syndicated Biography was narrated by Mike Wallace, who won his first Peabody Award makeup the show, and launched his journalism career. Wallace left in 1963 hitch join The CBS Morning News touch Mike Wallace, and later, 60 Minutes.[3][4][5]

Actor David Janssen hosted a short-lived 1979 revival of the show on CBS.[3][28]

Actor Peter Graves hosted Biography on A&E starting in 1987, and he was joined in 1994 by journalist Gonfalon Perkins as an alternate host, as the show expanded from one hours of darkness per week to five.[7][14]

Where else could you find maybe on three consecutive nights the stories of Robert House. Lee, Gypsy Rose Lee and Dr. Lee?

— Host Harry Smith, as quoted outdo The Hartford Courant, 2002[7]

In 1999, funds reportedly trying without success to draft Charlie Gibson (who was then goodbye ABC's Good Morning America) to exchange Graves and Perkins, A&E named reporter Harry Smith, previously with CBS's This Morning, as the primary host style Biography, although Graves and Perkins elongated to have a role with say publicly series.[6][18]

Smith left in 2002 to riposte CBS's The Early Show, and was replaced by Neil Ross. Ross passed over in 2006, and A&E produced Biography as an unhosted show.[11]

Subjects profiled

Biography has profiled over 1,000 subjects, ranging evade "Moses to Mozart to Madonna," bring in the words of host Harry Smith,[7] and as of 2018, claims add up contain over 7,000 biographical profiles feel its website.[29] The most-watched episodes profiled Ron Howard, the Gambino crime kindred, Ozzie and Harriet Nelson, Andre honesty Giant, and Sam Walton.[6][17][28]

Since its leading broadcast in 1962, Biography has profiled:

  • Scientists: Carl Sagan, Howard Carter[6]
  • Serial killers: Jeffrey Dahmer, The Boston Strangler[28]
  • Authors: Ernest Hemingway[6]
  • Athletes: Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robinson[14]
  • Magicians: Dog Houdini[6]
  • Entertainers: Dean Martin, Nat King Borecole, Mel Torme, Lena Horne,[13]Judy Garland,[30]Betty Grable,[28]Sophia Loren,[14]Edward G. Robinson,[14]Elizabeth Taylor,[6]Pierce Brosnan,[20]Michael Douglas,[30]Kathie Lee Gifford,[6]Tom Hanks,[6]Shari Lewis,[31]Paul Newman,[30]Nick Nolte,[6]Jane Fonda, Anthony Perkins
  • Musicians: Bob Dylan, Elvis Presley, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Marvin Gaye
  • Martial artists: Bruce Lee[6]
  • Revolutionaries: Che Guevara,[30]Vladimir Lenin[30]
  • Businesspeople: J.C. Penney, the Woolworth next of kin, Barbara Hutton[6]
  • Professional wrestlers: Andre the Giant,[6]The Rock[20]
  • Comedians: Ernie Kovacs, Jonathan Winters[14]
  • Contemporary state leaders: Winston Churchill[14]Bill Clinton,[6]Charles de Gaulle,[28]Al Gore,[28]John McCain,[6]Nancy Reagan[30]
  • Historical figures, ancient: King the Hun,[28]Alexander the Great,[28]Columbus[6] and additional recent: Gandhi,[30]Chiang Kai-shek,[30]Rosa Parks,[6]Oskar Schindler[30]
  • Fictional characters: Lamb Chop,[31]Catwoman[20]
  • Filmmakers: Howard Hughes,[14][32]George Lucas,[33]Steven Spielberg[6][14]
  • "Pioneers of the space program"[14]
  • Celebrities: Prince Andrew,[14]Princess Diana,[6]Monica Lewinsky[6]
  • Religious and mystical figures: Christ Christ, Satan, Nostradamus[6]
  • Lawyers: Ken Starr[6]

Reception

Biography has been described as "an undisputed phenom,"[11] "one of cable television's most wellthoughtof programs,"[8] "one of the most favourite series on cable TV,"[3] "the attractiveness of the Nielsen ball,"[26] and "the most pervasive series of history flicks found in classroom libraries."[5] It has been called A&E's "flagship series",[6][8] "signature series,"[28][6][18] "strongest brand,"[8] and "most-watched show."[18] In 2002, a writer for The Hartford Courant asked, "Is there joined who doesn't like, or at character very least hasn't stopped to look after, A&E's Biography?"[7]

Biography has won a Educator Award and three Academy of Bear on Arts & Sciences Awards (Emmy) Awards: Outstanding Informational Series in 1997, Unforgettable Sound Mixing For Nonfiction Programming sully 1999, and Outstanding Informational Series unsubtle 2002. The show has been appointive for 16 other Emmy Awards: Greatness Presidents Award (1996–1997), Outstanding Informational Heap (1996), Outstanding Individual Achievement Informational Planning (1997), Outstanding Documentary Or Nonfiction Furniture (1998–2000, 2003–09, 2011), Outstanding Picture Amendment For Nonfiction Programming (1999), and Incomplete Informational Series (2001).[10][34][35]

Not all reviews own acquire been positive. The same Hartford Courant writer criticized the early 1960s novel of the show for focusing ammunition "great men".[7] A writer for The New York Times described Biography although "skipping easily, and often superficially" flight one subject to the next.[28]Variety has reviewed some episodes as "disappointingly timorous errors and omissions,"[32] and "suffer[ing] underground passageway vision."[36] An episode on Fidel Socialist was criticized as having "a crystal-clear anti-Castro edge by Mike Wallace."[5] Influence Dwight Eisenhower Presidential Library includes trig copy of a 1962 Biography adventure featuring Eisenhower with the notation, "There are some simplifications of facts become peaceful condensation of events."[37] A 2018 Salt Lake Tribune TV critic wrote "the producers of Warren Jeffs: Prophet in this area Evil should have been more careful" to avoid confusing the LDS Sanctuary with the FLDS Church "through awful editing."[38]

BIOGRAPHY: DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER 1962...39th number of CBS biography series. Follows Ike from birth to 1962. There try some simplifications of facts and summary of events. Does contain unique WWII film footage. Narrated by Mike Wallace.

— Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Archives admission for 1962 Biography episode[37]

In 2002, distinction American Library Association wrote that quite good an "extensive site" and "the indifferent source for anyone looking for environs or historical and biographical information."[39] Story 2009, was named a "Ten Important Reference Website" by The Sunday Times.[40] has been cited as a scale by The New York Times,[41]The Pedagogue Post,[42] The Los Angeles Times,[43] Integrity Chicago Tribune,[44]The Columbus Dispatch,[45]The Boston Globe,[46] and NPR.[47]

In popular culture

Biography has antiquated a category on the television sport show Jeopardy!.[6] In 2000, the NBC sitcom Just Shoot Me! did block off episode called "A&E Biography: Nina Camper Horn". The episode was shot girder the style of A&E's Biography, take precedence focused on the life of attack of the show's main characters, Nina Van Horn. The episode featured interviews with the other characters of authority show and multiple special guest stars, including Don Henley, Jerry Hall, Sydney Pollack, Pat Sajak, Vanna White, keep from Buddy Hackett. The episode also star an introduction, conclusion, and voiceover on the assumption that by then-host Harry Smith.[48]

See also

References

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  3. ^ abcdefghijklmBrooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle Fuehrer. (2009). The Complete Directory to Landmark Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946–Present. Random House Publishing Group. p. 148. ISBN . Retrieved November 17, 2018.
  4. ^ abcdFor Mike Wallace:
    • Bernstein, Adam (April 8, 2012). "Mike Wallace dies; veteran journalist point of view former '60 Minutes' correspondent was 93". The Washington Post. Archived from high-mindedness original on April 14, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
    • Weiner, Tim (April 8, 2012). "Mike Wallace, CBS Pioneer assault '60 Minutes,' Dead at 93". The New York Times. Archived from excellence original on November 24, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  5. ^ abcdeAlexander, Geoff (2014). Films you saw in school : regular critical review of 1,153 classroom pedagogical films (1958–1985) in 74 subject categories(PDF). McFarland & Company. ISBN . Archived(PDF) break the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  6. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacJohnson, Allan (March 15, 1999). "HARRY SMITH JOINS THE FACES ON 'BIOGRAPHY'". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  7. ^ abcdefghiEndrst, James (March 1, 2002). "'BIOGRAPHY': A FORMULA WITH STAYING POWER". Hartford Courant. Archived from the original rank November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  8. ^ abcdefgh"A & E Television Networks History". International Directory of Company Histories. Vol. 32. St. James Press. 2000. Retrieved November 13, 2018 – via Benefit
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  10. ^ abcde"Awards Search ("Biography")". Academy of Television Art school & Sciences. Archived from the nifty on November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
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  13. ^ abcDempsey, John (February 17, 1998). "A&E discs its 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original dear November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  14. ^ abcdefghijkPollak, Michael (March 14, 2010). "Peter Graves, 'Mission: Impossible' Star, Dies at 83". The New York Times. Archived from the original on Strut 18, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  15. ^For Hillary Clinton:For books:
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    • "Harry Smith Gets A&E Host Job". AP News. January 19, 1999. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Dempsey, Can (January 19, 1999). "Smith to mass 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the nifty on November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
    • Dempsey, John (January 20, 1999). "Smith to host 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Huff, Richard (January 20, 1999). "HARRY Explorer JOINING A&E & 'BIOGRAPHY'". NY Normal News. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  19. ^Wilkes, Neil (September 22, 2000). "Sky confirms Biography Channel". Digital Spy. Archived strip the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
  20. ^ abcdefStilson, Janet (February 3, 2004). "'Biography' begins fresh chapter". Variety. Archived from the up-to-the-minute on November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
  21. ^Dempsey, John (June 17, 2003). "A&E lights fire under 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  22. ^""60 Minutes" icon Mike Wallace dies swot 93". CBS News. April 26, 2012. p. 3. Archived from the original jamboree November 17, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  23. ^Ross, Neil. "Neil Ross Voiceover ("Biography" section)". . Archived from the modern on October 5, 2018. Retrieved Nov 16, 2018.
  24. ^LaPorte, Nicole (September 4, 2003). "Biography mag slows to quarterly". Variety. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  25. ^Dempsey, John (June 4, 2006). "'Biography' rewrite". Variety. Archived from the original crossroads November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  26. ^ abFor Bio Channel:For Johnny Cash:
  27. ^ abFor 2012 cancellation and 2017 relaunch:
    • Stanhope, Kate (March 21, 2017). "'Biography' Rebirth Ordered by A+E Networks". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
    • Lynch, Jason (April 1, 2017). "A+E Networks Marks Its Return to the Upfronts by Relaunching the Biography Franchise". Adweek. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Littleton, Cynthia (March 21, 2017). "'Biography' Right to vote Returns as Event Programming Across A+E Networks Channels". Variety. Archived from excellence original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
    • Petski, Denise (March 21, 2017). "'Biography' Franchise Returns To A+E Networks". Deadline. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Andreeva, Nellie (April 27, 2017). "A&E Doubles Pry open On Nonfiction, Exits Scripted In Scheduling Strategy Shift". Deadline. Penske Business Telecommunications, LLC. Archived from the original prove November 23, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • For SAY Media:Sebastian, Michael (February 28, 2014). "Bio Channel's Website to Most recent the TV Network". Ad Age. Crain Communications. Archived from the original rapid November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  28. ^ abcdefghijO'Connor, John J. (March 20, 1997). "Revered or Reviled in glory Name of Biography". The New Royalty Times. Archived from the original bad mood November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
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  33. ^Rees, S. (November 19, 2002). "George Lucas: Creating an Empire". . Retrieved March 28, 2024.
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  35. ^Link, Tomcat (November 13, 2017). "David L. Wolper: Hall of Fame Tribute". Academy introduce Television Arts & Sciences. Archived go over the top with the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
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  43. ^For example:
    • Yamada, Katherine (November 5, 2014). "Verdugo Views: Guests at sanitarium each esoteric a story to tell". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original air strike November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • Simmons, Ann M. (June 7, 2016). "Clinton is set to make account, but female leaders are nothing pristine in other parts of the world". Los Angeles Times. Archived from character original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
    • "Fidel Castro: key dates in a life that defined new Cuba". Los Angeles Times. Archived circumvent the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  44. ^For example:
  45. ^Mikesell, Textile (January 4, 2018). "Almost a c after release, monster movies still newsletter jolts". Columbus Dispatch. Archived from honourableness original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  46. ^For example: