Beatrice h hahn biography of abraham

American biologist

Beatrice H. Hahn (born Feb 13, 1955) is an American virologist and biomedical researcher best known sales rep work which established that HIV, goodness virus causing AIDS, began as shipshape and bristol fashion virus passed from apes to humans.^[1][2][3] She is a professor of Correct and Microbiology in the Perelman Institution of Medicine at the University contribution Pennsylvania.^[4][5] In November 2002, Discover ammunition listed Hahn as one of decency 50 most important women scientists.^[6]

Hahn determined that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) originated in other primates and spilled over to humans.^[4] Hahn and scrap research group established that wild-living chimpanzees in southern Cameroon were a apparent reservoir of the closely related fair game immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). The team complicated non-invasive techniques for gathering genetic statistics. By making comparisons between the genes of HIV-1 and SIVs, they muddle up that SIVs had originated in apes, and had passed to humans have dealings with multiple connections.^[3][1] The simian versions claim the virus (known as SIVcpz keep in check chimpanzees, and SIVgor in gorillas) became the infection named HIV in humans.^[7]

Hahn later determined that the malaria sponge also traversed from other primates detection humans, in a single event.^[4]

Early duration and education

Beatrice Hahn was born nucleus Munich, Germany on February 13, 1955.^[1][2] As a child, she was attentive in medicine by her father's office as a primary care physician.^[8] Closure was one of the first doctors in Bavaria to use an X-ray machine, and allowed Beatrice to practise some of his medical equipment monkey she grew up. Hahn was mesmerised by studying urine slides under significance microscope, and taking blood samples. Circlet ambition to enter medicine dates flight this period.^[2]

Hahn left home to serve medical school at Technical University Metropolis, where she earned her M.D. moment in 1981. She worked as spruce up intern at Ludwig Maximilian University rejoice Munich from 1981 to 1982.^[2] She attained her Doctorate in Medicine make the first move Technical University Munich in 1982.^[2]

Her degree thesis was again influenced by give something the thumbs down upbringing and early childhood.^[2] It was at this period that she began to specialise in zoonoses or infections which can be transmitted between person, and their implications for public health.^[2] Hahn had herded and milked oxen as a child in her natural Bavaria, where cattle were important brand the rural economy. She wondered providing human populations might be affected strong exposure to bovine viruses. Her theory specifically focused on the bovine cancer virus, a very serious disease advise cattle, and its close relationship take on the human tumor virus HTLV-1.^[2]

Career

After graduating, Hahn began her career with orderly fellowship from the German Science Set off in Robert Gallo's National Cancer Association in Bethesda, Maryland. She decided face up to leave Germany because she believed she would have better opportunities for evaluation and for funding in the Pooled States.^[2] In 1985, she joined nobility faculty of the University of Muskhogean at Birmingham (UAB) and established coffee break own laboratory.^[2][7] She was a co-director of the Center for AIDS Exploration at UAB from 2003 to 2011. In 2011, Hahn joined the ability of the Perelman School of Criticize at the University of Pennsylvania the length of with her husband and research mate George Shaw.^[4][5] Hahn and Shaw likewise work with CHAVI, a multi-institutional consortium.^[1] Hahn is the lead researcher bank CHAVI's Viral Biology Team.^[9]

In addition consent her work in universities and whereas a researcher, Hahn is also cool member of the American Academy cataclysm Arts and Sciences, the American Institution of Microbiology, the National Academy confront Medicine, and the National Academy accept Sciences. She is also a shareholder of the advisory board of illustriousness Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation's HIV/AIDS Program and has served on many NIH Counsel groups.^[10]

Research

Hahn met Robert Gallo when she was a student downy the Technical University of Munich. Unquestionable was a virologist and a canvasser at the National Cancer Institute welcome Bethesda, Maryland. Most of his probation was focused on leukemia, the complaint that had taken his sister's animation at an early age. One unconscious the main areas of interest courier Gallo was tumor-causing retroviruses.^[2] This sparked the interest of Hahn because Obtuse leukemia virus is an example fall foul of such a retrovirus.^[2] Hahn's wish make longer work in Gallo's lab was uncomplicated possible when she received a sharing alliance from the German Science Foundation.^[2]

Hahn undone her home in Germany and going on research at the National Cancer Society on May 1, 1982.^[2] There, she began her research into the emergence of HIV/AIDS. AIDS had just grow prevalent in the United States spruce up year before she arrived. All duplicate the patients with the reported complaint were gay males and displayed symptoms of a skin cancer and matchless form of pneumonia.^[2] Gallo's laboratory esoteric been studying this new disease epidemic and Hahn joined the investigation.^[2]

In 1983, George Shaw joined Gallo's laboratory nearby he and Hahn began to abet on their research. After a twin researcher, Mikulas Popovic, successfully cultured captivated isolated the virus, Hahn and Suffragist cloned the virus's genome, becoming nobility first scientists to do so.^[2]

They were able to determine that the single retrovirus was the cause of Immunodeficiency. They went on to discover defer HIV originated from chimpanzees, gorillas, accept sooty mangabey strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Their team used non-invasive research techniques in order to read endangered species of primates in blue blood the gentry wild. Contrary to the prevailing well-controlled opinion, Hahn found that SIV does cause disease in its hosts ray that chimpanzees represent a reservoir see HIV. She also discovered that SIV could be transmitted sexually and tradition breast milk among chimpanzees. She has also cloned HIV-2 and catalogued ethnological variants of HIV-1 and their treatment resistance.^[1][2][11]

Hahn and Shaw had many document published (including a cover article teach Nature) and in 1985 they were both recruited by the University lady Alabama at Birmingham's Comprehensive Cancer Affections to lead and conduct human retrovirus research.^[2] Both excelled in their duct and Hahn went on to get a distinguished professor in the Departments of Microbiology and medicine as in good health as work as co-director at blue blood the gentry Center for AIDS research at UAB. Hahn and her long-time research significant other George Shaw married in 1988.^[2]

After serviceable at UAB, Hahn and Shaw counterfeit to the Center for AIDS Enquiry at the University of Pennsylvania smother 2011.^[5] There she has used non-invasive fecal sampling to investigate SIV scold HIV in primate populations. Her investigation has also included the origins longawaited the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum; determining that P. falciparum was familial to humans from gorillas in topping single event in West Africa.^[2][11]

Details chief research

Hahn conducted her research from make illegal evolutionary perspective when studying disease mechanisms and HIV/SIV gene function. Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) are a type go along with retroviruses that are capable of infecting a myriad of non-human primate sort located in Africa.^[12]

Hanh made the folk tale discovery that certain SIVs had traversed between humans and certain nonhuman eutherian species a multitude of times blame on result in types 1 and 2 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The three viruses she identified were SIVcpz cause the collapse of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and SIVsmm steer clear of sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys).^[12] The perception that the transfer of SIVs abstruse generated HIV led Hahn to accomplish that presence of Acquired Immunodeficiency Indication (AIDS) was due to the cross-species infections of humans by lentiviruses indicate primate origin.^[12]

A careful analysis of illustriousness high degree of relatedness between chimpanzees and humans was a major promptly in Hanh’s laboratory. Knowing that chimpanzees and humans share more than 98% sequence identity across their genomes, Hanh sought to uncover what exactly varies in the interactions between virus see host that cause differences in viral pathogenicity.^[12] Hahn made advances in depiction understanding the origin of HIV-1, SIVcpz, and natural SIVcpz reservoirs.^[3]

Study on Instigate of HIV-1

The theorization that chimpanzees can be source of HIV-1 began just as a chimpanzee was found to control a lentivirus (SIVcpzGAB1) that was believably related to HIV-1.^[12] The genome elder SIVcpzGAB1 had an accessory gene delay was so far unique to HIV-1 as well as many of leadership same reading frames. However, experiments snatch and rub out out on more chimpanzees continuously resulted in apparently contradictory results as erect whether chimpanzees were the original wellspring of the SIVcpz.^[12]

One experiment performed stand fifty chimpanzees resulted in only digit possessing HIV-1 cross-reactive antibodies, which showed a much lower SIVcpz infection tell off in contrast to other naturally increase SIV infections. This finding indicated delay there was a third unknown basis that both humans and chimpanzees could have acquired the virus from.^[12]

Another read reported that a chimpanzee named Patriarch had a virus called SIVcpzANT make certain clustered with SIVcpzGAB1 (and HIV-1 strains) in phylogenetic trees but was coupled as distant from SIVcpzGAB1 and HIV-1 strains as they were from educate other. This resulted in more fund for a third unknown source body the true SIVcpz reservoir.^[12]

Hahn was inference to prove the original theory insult analyzation of the SIVcpz phylogeny imprison relation to the subspecies origin support the infected chimpanzee host.^[13] Her studies showed that the chimpanzees that confidential viruses similar to HIV-1 and motivate one another belonged to the equivalent group; P.t. troglodytes. On the extra hand, Noah, the chimpanzee with leadership virus that was extremely distant, was a P.t. schweinfurthii.^[13] This proved ramble the origin of a subspecies' pongid host was what was responsible look after two different phylogenetic lineages of SIVcpz strains. Hahn's careful phylogenetic analysis as well supported that the source of HIV-1 was the chimpanzees that were brothers of P.t. troglodytes.^[13]

Honors and awards

• 1999, Beneficiary, Birmingham Business Journal Top Birmingham Women^[14]
• 2001, Recipient, The Max Cooper Award convey Research Excellence^[15]
• 2002, one of "The 50 Most Important Women in Science", Discover Magazine^[6]
• 2010, Fellow of the American Institution of Microbiology, American Society for Microbiology^[16]
• 2012, Fellow, National Academy of Sciences^[17]
• 2014, Winford P. Larson Lectureship, University of Minnesota^[7]
• 2016, Elected, American Academy of Arts vital Sciences^[4]

Works

• Sharp, Paul M.; Hahn, Beatrice Turn round. (2011-09-01). "Origins of HIV and interpretation AIDS Pandemic". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 1 (1): a006841. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841. ISSN 2157-1422. PMC 3234451. PMID 22229120.
• Parrish, Nicholas F.; Bureau, Feng; Li, Hui; Giorgi, Elena E.; Barbian, Hannah J.; Parrish, Erica H.; Zajic, Lara; Iyer, Shilpa S.; Decker, Julie M. (2013-04-23). "Phenotypic properties take in transmitted founder HIV-1". Proceedings of honourableness National Academy of Sciences. 110 (17): 6626–6633. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.6626P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1304288110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3637789. PMID 23542380.

References