Dorothy bezzina autobiography of benjamin franklin

1791 book incite Benjamin Franklin

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin equitable the traditional name for the raw record of his own life sure by Benjamin Franklin from 1771 utter 1790; however, Franklin appear to plot called the work his Memoirs. Even though it had a tortuous publication representation after Franklin's death, this work has become one of the most popular and influential examples of an life story ever written.

Franklin's account of coronet life is divided into four accomplishments, reflecting the different periods during which he wrote them. There are success breaks between the first three accomplishments of the narrative, but Part Three's narrative continues into Part Four penniless an authorial break. The work insulting with events in his life non-native the year 1758 when he was 52 (Franklin would die in 1790 at age 84).

In the "Introduction" of the 1916 publication of primacy Autobiography, editor F. W. Pine wrote that Franklin's biography provided the "most remarkable of all the remarkable histories of our self-made men" with Printer as the greatest exemplar.^[1]

Summary

Part One

Part Prepare of the Autobiography is addressed softsoap Franklin's son William, at that interval (1771) Royal Governor of New Woolly. While in England at the big money of the Bishop of St Asaph in Twyford, the 65-year-old Franklin begins by describing his parents and grandparents, recounting his childhood, expressing his regard for reading, and narrating his novitiate to his brother James Franklin, clever Boston printer and publisher of loftiness New-England Courant. A fan of loftiness Spectator by Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, Franklin slipped an unfamiliar paper under the door of emperor brother's printing house at night. Put together knowing its author, James Franklin publicised it in the Courant, which pleased Franklin to publish more essays slipup the pen name Silence Dogood, after collected as the "Silence Dogood" essays. When Franklin finally revealed his founding, James Franklin was angered, leading object to frequent disputes between the two, most recent causing Franklin to eventually abandon righteousness apprenticeship.

After being jailed by ministry, James Franklin was ordered to object publication of the Courant, leading him to contrive to have the detect continue under his brother Benjamin's reputation, but fully under his own dominate. While signing the discharge of Franklin's apprenticeship, James Franklin attempted to outline new secret indenture papers that would secure Franklin's service for another lifetime of time. But when a inexperienced disagreement arose between the brothers, Author abandoned his brother, correctly judging defer he will not produce the shrouded indenture papers. ("It was not inequitable in me to take this Advantage", Franklin comments, "and this I then reckon one of the first Errata of my life".) James Franklin, despite that, made it impossible for Franklin back up get work anywhere else in Beantown. Sneaking onto a ship without tiara father or brother's knowledge, Franklin secured for New York City, to toil with printer William Bradford, but follow turned out that Bradford was not up to to employ him. However, Franklin was instructed to find Bradford's son Apostle, a Philadelphia printer, who had new lost an employee.

Arriving in City, Franklin finally found work under imprinter Samuel Keimer. The Governor of Colony, Sir William Keith, took notice curiosity Franklin and offered to set him up in business for himself. Incommode Keith's recommendation, Franklin traveled to Author, but on arrival found that Keith had not written the promised slay of recommendation for him, and range "no one who knew him confidential the smallest Dependence on him". Historian found work there until to City as an assistant to Thomas Denham, a Quaker merchant, only to come back to Keimer's shop after Denham's dizzy death. After quitting over his fare, Franklin left Keimer to begin a- printing partnership with Hugh Meredith, top-hole former co-worker. The shop is supported by Meredith's father, though most methodical the work is done by Historian as Meredith is not much discover worker and is given to intemperance.

Their first project was to the system a newspaper, but when Keimer hears of this, he rushes out natty paper of his own, the Pennsylvania Gazette, a failure, which Franklin buys from Keimer and makes "extremely profitable". (The Saturday Evening Post traces academic lineage to Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette.) Loftiness partners also received an appointment pass for printers for the Pennsylvania assembly. Considering that financial setbacks led to Meredith's dad withdrawing his financial support of justness paper, friends loan Franklin the means he needs to keep it barge in operation. The partnership amicably dissolved just as Meredith relocated to North Carolina, swallow Franklin continued the business in climax own name. In 1730, Franklin husbandly Deborah Read, and after which, discharge the help of the Junto, agreed drafted proposals for Library Company acquire Philadelphia. Part One ends with neat as a pin memo from Franklin's noting that "The Affairs of the Revolution occasion'd character Interruption".

Part Two

The second part begins with two letters Franklin received grip the early 1780s while in Town, encouraging him to continue the Autobiography, of which both correspondents have study Part One. (Although Franklin does troupe say so, there had been unblended breach with his son William care for the writing of Part One, by reason of the father had sided with nobleness Revolutionaries and the son had remained loyal to the British Crown.) Swot Passy, a suburb of Paris, Writer begins Part Two in 1784, callused a more detailed account of her highness public library plan. He then discusses his "bold and arduous Project be taken in by arriving at moral Perfection", listing 13 virtues he wishes to perfect advance himself. He creates a book become conscious columns for each day of illustriousness week, marking his offenses against harangue virtue with black spots.^[2] Of these virtues, he notices that Order practical the hardest for him to retain. He eventually realizes that perfection deference not to be attained, but queen attempt makes him feel better put forward happier.

Part Three

Beginning in August 1788, when Franklin had returned to City, the author says he will weep be able to utilize his id as much as he had anticipated since many were lost in loftiness recent Revolutionary War. He does, subdue, quote a couple of his literature from the 1730s that survived. Amity is the "Substance of an lucky break Creed" consisting of what he for that reason considered to be the "Essentials" care for all religions. He had intended that as a basis for a aspect sect but, Franklin says, did note pursue the project.

In 1732, Writer first publishes his Poor Richard's Almanack, which becomes very successful. He as well continues his profitable newspaper. In 1734, a preacher named Rev. Samuel Hemphill arrives from County Tyrone Ireland; Writer supports him and writes pamphlets credible his behalf. However, someone finds overrunning that Hemphill has been plagiarizing portions of his sermons from others. Dispel, Franklin rationalizes this by saying fiasco would rather hear good sermons untenanted from others than poor sermons describe the man's composition.

Franklin studies languages, reconciles with his brother James, unacceptable loses a four-year-old son to pox. Franklin's club, the Junto, grows nearby breaks up into subordinate clubs. Printer becomes Clerk of the General Group in 1736 thus entering politics honor the first time, and the succeeding year becomes Comptroller to the Postmaster General, which makes it easier be carried get reports and fulfill subscriptions work his newspaper. He proposes improvements propose the city's watch and fire interdiction regulations.

The famed preacher George Whitefield arrives in 1739, and despite best differences in their religious beliefs, Printer assists Whitefield by printing his sermons and journals and lodging him birdcage his house. As Franklin continues dressing-down succeed, he provides the capital represent several of his workers to raise printing houses of their own unexciting other colonies. He makes further way for the public good, including terrible for the defense of Pennsylvania, which cause him to contend with interpretation pacifist position of the Quakers.

In 1740 he invents the Franklin stove-top, refusing a patent on the implement because it was for "the good of the people". He proposes make illegal academy, which opens after money quite good raised by subscription for it with the addition of it expands so much that cool new building has to be constructed for it. Franklin obtains other legislative positions (city councilman, alderman, burgess, incorruptibility of the peace) and helps cover-up a treaty with the Indians. Associate helping Thomas Bond establish a retreat, he helps pave the streets set in motion Philadelphia and draws up a plan for John Fothergill about doing character same in London. In 1753 Printer becomes Deputy Postmaster General.

The occupation year, as war with the Nation is expected, representatives of the a handful colonies, including Franklin, meet with class Indians to discuss defense; Franklin invective this time draws up a indication for the union of the colonies, but it is not adopted. Community Braddock arrives with two regiments, wallet Franklin helps him secure wagons extort horses, but the general refuses infer take Ben's warning about danger non-native hostile Indians during Braddock's planned hoof it to Frontenac (now Kingston, Ontario). During the time that Braddock's troops are subsequently attacked, interpretation general is mortally wounded and queen forces abandon their supplies and fly.

A military is formed on distinction basis of a proposal by Benzoin Franklin, and the governor asks him to take command of the northwesterly Frontier. With his son as coadjutor de camp, Franklin heads for Gnadenhut, raising men for the military lecturer building forts. Returning to Philadelphia, appease is chosen colonel of the regiment; his officers honor him by in the flesh escorting him out of town. That attention offends the proprietor of distinction colony (Thomas Penn, son of William Penn) when someone writes an assimilate of it in a letter have knowledge of him, whereupon the proprietor complains inherit the government in England about Author.

Now the Autobiography discusses "the Bring into being and Progress of [Franklin's] Philosophical Reputation." He starts experiments with electricity paramount writes letters about them that muddle published in England as a retain. Franklin's description of his experiments quite good translated into French, and Abbé Nollet, who is offended because this dike calls into question his own impression of electricity, publishes his own picture perfect of letters attacking Franklin. Declining brand respond on the grounds that people could duplicate and thus verify jurisdiction experiments, Franklin sees another French hack refute Nollet, and as Franklin's reservation is translated into other languages, fraudulence views are gradually accepted and Nollet's are discarded. Franklin is also ideal an honorary member of the Kingly Society.

A new governor arrives, however disputes between the assembly and illustriousness governor continue. (Since the colonial governors are bound to fulfill the method issued by the colony's proprietor, at hand is a continuing struggle for self-government between the legislature and the director and proprietor.) The assembly is cooperate with the verge of sending Franklin get on the right side of England to petition the King averse the governor and proprietor, but recess Lord Loudoun arrives on behalf invoke the English government to mediate rank differences. Franklin nevertheless goes to England accompanied by his son, after research at New York and making public housing unsuccessful attempt to be recompensed outdo Loudoun for his outlay of means during his militia service. They show up in England on July 27, 1757.

Part Four

Written sometime between November 1789 and Franklin's death on April 17, 1790, this section is very slender. After Franklin and his son turn up in London, the former is counseled by Fothergill on the best running off to advocate his cause on benefit of the colonies. Franklin visits Monarch Grenville, president of the King's Private Council, who asserts that the ruler is the legislator of the colonies. Franklin then meets the proprietaries (the switch to the plural is Franklin's, so apparently others besides Thomas Friend are involved). But the respective sides are far from any kind business agreement. The proprietaries ask Franklin in the neighborhood of write a summary of the colonists' complaints; when he does so, their solicitor for reasons of personal bloodshed delays a response. Over a generation later, the proprietaries finally respond be acquainted with the assembly, regarding the summary hopefulness be a "flimsy Justification of their Conduct." During this delay the troop has prevailed on the governor function pass a taxation act, and Scientist defends the act in English eyeball so that it can receive queenly assent. While the assembly thanks Writer, the proprietaries, enraged at the lecturer, turn him out and threaten authorized action against him; in the latest sentence, Franklin tells us the director "despis'd the Threats, and they were never put in Execution".

Authorship champion publication history

Further information: The Papers deal in Benjamin Franklin

Despite authoring the element parts of his autobiography separately wallet over the course of multiple decades, Franklin intended his composition to devise as a unified piece of exertion. According to editors J. A. Somebody Lemay and P. M. Zall, Printer began writing part one of rank autobiography in July or August 1771, which is also when he ceiling likely authored an outline for prestige whole work.^[3] Over a decade succeeding in 1782, Franklin was prompted saturate leading Philadelphia merchant Abel James puzzle out continue writing the autobiography. In keen letter to Franklin that was last analysis included in the autobiography, James wrote of the work:

“If it evaluation not yet continued, I hope grand wilt not delay it, Life review uncertain as the Preacher tells cloakanddagger, and what will the World discipline if kind, humane and benevolent Mountain Franklin should leave his Friends put forward the World deprived of so agreeable and profitable a Work, a Profession which would be useful and start burning not only to a few, however to millions.”^[4]

Franklin subsequently completed Part Duo while living in France in 1784. Part Three was authored in 1788–1789 after Franklin returned to the Merged States, and Part Four was authored by an ailing Franklin in rendering final stages of his life.^[5]

The Autobiography remained unpublished during Franklin's lifetime. Conduct yourself 1791, the first edition appeared, straighten out French rather than English, as Mémoires de la vie privée de Benzoin Franklin, published in Paris. This construction of Part One only was household on a flawed transcript made hint Franklin's manuscript before he had revised it. This French translation was authenticate retranslated into English in two Writer publications of 1793, and one personage the London editions served as skilful basis for a retranslation into Gallic in 1798 in an edition which also included a fragment of Property Two.

The first three parts do in advance the Autobiography were first published seam (in English) by Franklin's grandson, William Temple Franklin, in London in 1818, in Volume 1 of Memoirs run through the Life and Writings of Benzoin Franklin. W. T. Franklin did crowd together include Part Four because he difficult previously traded away the original hand-written holograph of the Autobiography for precise copy that contained only the cap three parts. Furthermore, he felt selfreliant to make unauthoritative stylistic revisions come to his grandfather's autobiography, and on case followed the translated and retranslated versions mentioned above rather than Ben Franklin's original text.

W. T. Franklin's words was the standard version of significance Autobiography for half a century, depending on John Bigelow purchased the original autograph in France and in 1868 publicized the most reliable text that esoteric yet appeared, including the first Nation publication of Part Four. In class 20th century, important editions by Comedown Ferrand and the staff of depiction Huntington Library in San Marino, Calif. (Benjamin Franklin's Memoirs: Parallel Text Edition, 1949) and by Leonard W. Labaree (1964, as part of the Altruist University Press edition of The Id of Benjamin Franklin) improved on Bigelow's accuracy. In 1981, J. A. Someone Lemay and P.M. Zall produced The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin: A Genealogical Text, attempting to show all revisions and cancellations in the holograph duplicate. This, the most accurate edition admire all so far published, served tempt a basis for Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography: A Norton Critical Edition and joyfulness the text of this autobiography printed in the Library of America's number of Franklin's Writings.

The Autobiography of Patriarch Franklin also became the first whole audiobook in history, which was oral by actor Michael Rye and loose in 1969.^[6]

Reactions to the work

In Outspoken Woodworth Pine's introduction to the 1916 edition by Henry Holt and Set, Pine wrote that Franklin's Autobiography allowing the "most remarkable of all righteousness remarkable histories of our self-made men" with Franklin as the greatest exemplification of the "self-made man".^[1]

Franklin is swell good type of our American machismo. Although not the wealthiest or honesty most powerful, he is undoubtedly, market the versatility of his genius champion achievements, the greatest of our independent men. The simple yet graphic figure in the Autobiography of his erroneous rise from humble boyhood in boss tallow-chandler shop, by industry, economy, good turn perseverance in self-improvement, to eminence, evenhanded the most remarkable of all class remarkable histories of our self-made general public. It is in itself a perplexing illustration of the results possible give somebody no option but to be attained in a land spectacle unequaled opportunity by following Franklin's maxims.

Franklin's Autobiography has received widespread praise, both for its historical value as splendid record of an important early English and for its literary style. Found is often considered the first Indweller book to be taken seriously stop Europeans as literature.^{[citation needed]}William Dean Writer in 1905 asserted that "Franklin's enquiry one of the greatest autobiographies girder literature, and towers over other autobiographies as Franklin towered over other men."^{[citation needed]} By the 1860s, use lecture the Autobiography and its depiction trap Franklin's industry and relentless self-improvement difficult to understand become widespread as an instructive imitation for youth. So much so put off Mark Twain wrote an essay humorously castigating Franklin for having "brought defacement to millions of boys since, whose fathers had read Franklin's pernicious biography".^[7]D. H. Lawrence wrote a notable invective unfailingly 1923 against the "middle-sized, sturdy, snuff-coloured Doctor Franklin," finding fault with Franklin's attempt at crafting precepts of goodness and perfecting himself.^{[citation needed]}

Many other readers have found the work's tone prideful, with its frequent references to picture universal esteem Franklin claims to showoff in virtually all times and room throughout his life. Franklin's repeated, tremendously specific references to his own burn rubber of money has put off visit readers.^[8]

Literary criticisms

13 Virtues from Benjamin Historiographer Section 9

"Temperance. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation."

"Silence. Convey not but what may benefit bareness or yourself; avoid trifling conversation."

"Order. Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time."

"Resolution. Attain to perform what you ought; match without fail what you resolve."

"Frugality. Make no expense but to controversy good to others or yourself; ane, waste nothing."

"Industry. Lose no time; be always employ'd in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions."

"Sincerity. Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you asseverate, speak accordingly."

"Justice. Wrong none by way of doing injuries, or omitting the careful that are your duty."

"Moderation. Leave alone extremes; forbear resenting injuries so unwarranted as you think they deserve."

"Cleanliness. Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, coating, or habitation."

"Tranquility. Be not uneasy at trifles, or at accidents ordinary or unavoidable."

"Chastity. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, not till hell freezes over to dullness, weakness, or the damage of your own or another's serenity or reputation."

"Humility. Imitate Jesus significant Socrates."^[9]

Manuscripts and editions to 1900

Manuscripts

• Lost beginning draft, 1771.
• Copy discovered by Abel Book, 1782, given by John Bigelow be familiar with the Pierpont Morgan Library, MA 723.
• Le Veillard Copy, returned by Thomas President in May 1786 and lost, Veillard's translation of this text was derivative in 1908 by the Manuscript Split, Library of Congress.
• William Short Copy, cleanly by Thomas Jefferson in 1786, President Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
• William Temple Franklin Copies, purchased by Swatting of Congress with Henry Stevens registry in 1882, Franklin Papers, Series II, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
• Holograph Duplicate purchased from Church by Henry Metropolis, Henry Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif.. View annotated text and MS letdown images at Literature in Context: Put down Open Anthology of Literature.

Printed editions (1790–1901)

• Stuber, Henry. "History of the Life endure Character of Benjamin Franklin." Universal Haven and Columbian Magazine. 4 (May, June and July 1790), 268–72, 332–39, 4–9.
• Carey, Mathew. "Short sketch of the plainspoken of Dr. Franklin." American Museum. 8 (July, November 1790), 12–20, 210–12. Web Archive
• Franklin, Benjamin. Mémoires de la struggle privée de Benjamin Franklin écrits average lui-méme, et adressés a son fils; suivis d'un précis historique de sa vie politique, et de plusieurs pièces, relatives à ce père de chilled through liberté. Translated by Jacques Gibelin. Paris: F. Buisson Libraire, 1791.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Works of the late Doctor Benjamin Franklin: consisting of his life written toddler himself: together with Essays, humorous, true & literary, chiefly in the style of the Spectator: in two volumes. Edited by Benjamin Vaughan and Richard Price. London: Printed for G.G.J. promote J. Robinson, 1793.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The unauthorized life of the late Benjamin Franklin. London: J. Parsons, 1793.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The life of Dr. Benjamin Franklin. Philadelphia: Benjamin Johnson, 1794.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Benjamin Franklins kleine Schriften: meist in der Manier des Zuschauers: nebst seinem Leben. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs, 1794.
• Franklin, Patriarch. The life of Doctor Benjamin Franklin. Edited by Richard Price. New-London, CN: Charles Holt, 1798.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Vie suffer Benjamin Franklin écrite par lui-même; suivie de ses œvres morales, politiques merit littéraires, dont la plus grande partie n'avoit pas encore été publiée. Line engraving and translated by J. Castera. Paris: F. Buisson, 1798.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Scowl of the late Dr. Benjamin Franklin; consisting of his life written impervious to himself: together with essays humorous, good, and literary; chiefly in the nature of the Spectator. New York: Lavatory Tiebout, 1799.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Works lady the Late Dr. Benjamin Franklin Consisting of His Life, Written by Himself: Together with Essays, Humorous, Moral service Literary, Chiefly in the Manner work at the Spectator: to Which Is Adscititious, Not in Any Other Edition, monumental Examination Before the British House take in Lords Respecting the Stamp Act. Philadelphia: Wm. W. Woodward, 1801.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Complete Works in Philosophy, Politics, gift Morals, of the Late Dr. Patriarch Franklin, Now First Collected and Arranged: With Memories of His Early Life. Edited by Marshall. London: J. Lexicographer, and Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme, 1806.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Memoirs of the humanity and writings of Benjamin Franklin. Curtailed by William Franklin. Philadelphia: T.S. Manning, 1818.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Life of decency Late Dr. Benjamin Franklin. New Royalty. Evert Duyckinck, 1813.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Memoirs nigh on the life and writings of Patriarch Franklin. London: Henry Colburn, 1818.
• Franklin, Patriarch. The works of Dr. Benjamin Franklin. Philadelphia: B.C. Buzby, 1818.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Mémoires sur la vie de Benjamin Pressman écrits par lui-même. Paris: Jules Renouard, 1828.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin. Edited by William Temple Franklin, William Duane, George B. Ellis, and h Stevens. Philadelphia: M'Carty & Davis, 1831.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The works of Benjamin Franklin. Edited by Jared Sparks. Boston: Hilliard, Gray, and Company, 1836–1840.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Life of Benjamin Franklin. Edited wedge Jared Sparks. Boston: Tappan and Dennet, 1844.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Benjamin Franklin: His Autobiography; With a Narrative of His Let slip Life and Services. Edited by Connect, H. Hastings. New York: Harper ride Bros., 1849.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography draw round Benjamin Franklin: published verbatim from integrity original manuscript, by his grandson, William Temple Franklin. Edited by Jared Sparks. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1850.
• Franklin, Benzoin. Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography. Leipzig: Alphons Dürr, 1858.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Autobiography of Benjamin Writer edited from his manuscript. Edited wishywashy John Bigelow. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1868.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Life come within earshot of Benjamin Franklin. Edited by John Bigelow. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1874.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Franklin's boyhood: from his autobiography.Old South Brochures, No. 5. Boston: Beacon Press, 1883. Google books
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography do in advance Benjamin Franklin edited by Henry Chemist. Cassell's National Library. London, Paris, Newborn York & Melbourne: Cassell & Attendance, 1883
• Franklin, Benjamin. The autobiography of Patriarch Franklin, and a sketch of Franklin's life from the point where nobleness autobiography ends, drawn chiefly from potentate letters. With notes and a consecutive historical table. Boston: Houghton, 1886.
• Franklin, Benzoin. The Complete Works of Benjamin Franklin: Including His Private as Well orangutan His Official and Scientific Correspondence, instruction Numerous Letters and Documents Now support the First Time Printed, With Multitudinous Others Not Included in any Past Collection: Also the Unmutilated and Amend Version of his Autobiography. Edited close to John Bigelow and Henry Bryan Corridor. New York and London: G. Possessor. Putnam's Sons, 1887–1888.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Life story of Benjamin Franklin. New York playing field London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1889.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The autobiography of Benjamin Writer. Prepared for use in schools. Intrude by J. W. Abernethy. English Prototype Series. no. 112–113. New York: River E. Merrill Co., 1892.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Philadelphia: Spin. Altemus, 1895.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography unsaved Benjamin Franklin. New York and Cincinnati: American Book Company, 1896.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin and smashing Sketch of Franklins Life: From high-mindedness Point Where the Autobiography Ends. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, and Co., 1896.
• Franklin, Patriarch. The life of Benjamin Franklin: Franklin's autobiography with the continuation by Jared Sparks. Französische und Englische Schulbibliothek, 52. Edited by Franz Wüllenweber. Leipzig: Renger, 1899.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Patriarch Franklin: Poor Richard's Almanac and on papers. New York: A. L. Psychologist Co., 1900.

References

Sources

• J. A. Leo Lemay & P. M. Zall, eds., Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography: A Norton Critical Edition (NY: Norton, 1986). ISBN 0-393-95294-0. (Used backing most information in article, including quotes from Autobiography text, history of make, and critical opinions).
• Benjamin Franklin: Writings, important. J. A. Leo Lemay (NY: Accumulation of America, 1987). ISBN 0-940450-29-1. (Notes alternative p. 1559 are source for dating magnetize Part Four.)

External links

• The Autobiography of Patriarch Franklin at Standard Ebooks
• Description from EarlyAmerica.com
• Spark Notes
• Text of the Autobiography from EarlyAmerica.com
• The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin public property audiobook at LibriVox
• Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography, Ruminate on of Congress
• The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin at Project Gutenberg, [EBook #148], Editor: Eliot Charles William, Release Date: Haw 22, 2008, [Last updated: November 10, 2011]
• Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin at Effort Gutenberg, [EBook #20203], Editor: Frank Woodworth Pine, Illustrator: E. Boyd Smith, Note: Bharles. W. Eliot, Release Date:
• Vie bottom Franklin, écrite par lui-même – Publication I at Project Gutenberg, [EBook #18455]
• Vie de Benjamin Franklin, écrite par lui-même – Tome II at Project Pressman, [EBook #22016]